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. 2022 Feb 22;50(5):2765–2781. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkac103

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© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Figure 2. — Structural features of mammalian mitochondrial promoters. (A) Mitochondrial promoters and their TSS in mammalian species. The phylogenetic tree of extant mammalian species is shown. Suborders, orders, and subfamilies of species, whose promoters have been identified, are highlighted with colored lines. The sequence logos represent the conservation between promoters in the species of the superorder Afrotheria, order Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, Lagomorpha, and Chiroptera, suborder Hystricomorpha, infraorder Simiiformes, and the Murinae subfamily. The sequence logo shown for suborder Myomorpha is based on LSP only. Promoters have been identified for platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus, O.a.), koala (Phascolarctos cinereus, P. c.), and armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus, D. n.), (logos are not shown). Species whose mitochondrial promoters were not identified are represented in grey lines. (B) Schematic structure of some promoter units in mammalian mtDNA. TSS of LSP and HSP and the distance between them are indicated, and the -3 and the -4 bases are highlighted. Repeated promoter units are indicated by the 4X and 2X signs in Oryctolagus (rabbits) and Ochotona (pikas) species. (C) Sequence alignment showing identical bases between LSP of Equus caballus (horse) and LSP of Phyllostomus discolor (pale spear-nosed bat). Yellow boxes highlight identical bases, TSS is indicated by arrows. (D) The structure of a palindromic LSP-HSP unit in dogs and wolves. The palindrome sequence is indicated in a blue box. (E) The structure of the LSP-HSP promoter in frogs (Xenopus). The palindrome sequence is indicated in blue boxes. (F) The structure of the LSP-HSP promoter in ducks (Anas). The palindrome sequence is indicated in blue boxes. (G) The interrupted palindromic promoter unit in some bat species. The palindrome sequence is indicated in blue boxes.