Table 2.
Proportion of patients with behavioral disorders in each item of DBD: before and during COVID-19 pandemic, by severity of cognitive impairment.
| Total group |
Mild group
(MMSE 21–30) |
Moderate/severe group
(MMSE 11–20) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | During | Before | During | Before | During | ||||
| P-value | P-value | P-value | |||||||
| 01. Asks the same question over and over again | 490 (85.1) | 484 (84.0) | 0.684 | 256 (78.3) | 245 (78.3) | 1.000 | 234 (94.0) | 239 (91.2) | 0.244 |
| 02. Loses, misplaces, or hides things | 433 (75.3) | 416 (72.3) | 0.283 | 221 (67.6) | 199 (63.6) | 0.318 | 212 (85.5) | 216 (82.8) | 0.467 |
| 03. Shows lack of interest in daily activities | 285 (49.7) | 288 (50.4) | 0.813 | 136 (41.7) | 125 (40.2) | 0.747 | 149 (60.3) | 161 (62.2) | 0.715 |
| 04. Wakes up at night for no obvious reason | 61 (10.8) | 113 (19.9) | <0.001 | 22 (6.9) | 38 (12.2) | 0.029 | 39 (15.9) | 74 (28.9) | <0.001 |
| 05. Makes unwarranted accusations | 104 (18.1) | 118 (20.5) | 0.331 | 48 (14.7) | 50 (16.0) | 0.662 | 56 (22.6) | 67 (25.7) | 0.469 |
| 06. Sleeps excessively during the day | 219 (38.2) | 245 (42.6) | 0.133 | 115 (35.3) | 110 (35.1) | 1.000 | 104 (41.9) | 134 (51.3) | 0.041 |
| 07. Paces up and down | 44 (7.7) | 70 (12.2) | 0.010 | 12 (3.7) | 17 (5.4) | 0.343 | 32 (12.9) | 53 (20.4) | 0.024 |
| 08. Repeats the same action over and over again | 68 (11.8) | 81 (14.1) | 0.255 | 23 (7.0) | 26 (8.3) | 0.556 | 45 (18.1) | 54 (20.8) | 0.502 |
| 09. Is verbally abusive, curses | 91 (15.8) | 104 (18.1) | 0.346 | 43 (13.2) | 49 (15.7) | 0.430 | 48 (19.3) | 54 (20.7) | 0.740 |
| 10. Dresses inappropriately | 101 (17.6) | 102 (17.8) | 0.938 | 40 (12.3) | 29 (9.3) | 0.252 | 61 (24.6) | 72 (27.8) | 0.421 |
| 11. Cries or laughs inappropriately | 34 (5.9) | 46 (8.0) | 0.166 | 9 (2.8) | 17 (5.4) | 0.109 | 25 (10.0) | 29 (11.2) | 0.774 |
| 12. Refuses to be helped with personal care | 110 (19.2) | 124 (21.6) | 0.341 | 55 (16.9) | 51 (16.3) | 0.915 | 55 (22.3) | 73 (28.0) | 0.153 |
| 13. Hoards things for no obvious reason | 134 (23.3) | 151 (26.4) | 0.246 | 64 (19.6) | 65 (20.9) | 0.694 | 70 (28.3) | 85 (32.6) | 0.335 |
| 14. Moves arms or legs in a restless or agitated way | 33 (5.7) | 35 (6.1) | 0.804 | 16 (4.9) | 10 (3.2) | 0.320 | 17 (6.9) | 25 (9.6) | 0.334 |
| 15. Empties drawers or closets | 35 (6.1) | 48 (8.4) | 0.139 | 10 (3.1) | 12 (3.9) | 0.287 | 25 (10.0) | 36 (13.8) | 0.219 |
| 16. Wanders in the house at night | 19 (3.3) | 38 (6.7) | 0.014 | 5 (1.5) | 9 (2.3) | 0.591 | 14 (5.7) | 29 (11.2) | 0.037 |
| 17. Gets lost outside | 21 (3.7) | 43 (7.5) | 0.005 | 5 (1.5) | 12 (3.9) | 0.085 | 16 (6.5) | 31 (11.9) | 0.046 |
| 18. Refuses to eat | 16 (2.8) | 23 (4.0) | 0.328 | 5 (1.5) | 9 (3.1) | 0.288 | 11 (4.4) | 14 (5.4) | 0.685 |
| 19. Overeats | 92 (16.0) | 82 (14.3) | 0.459 | 46 (14.1) | 34 (10.9) | 0.234 | 46 (18.5) | 48 (18.5) | 1.000 |
| 20. Is incontinent of urine | 73 (12.7) | 77 (13.4) | 0.793 | 21 (6.4) | 26 (8.3) | 0.368 | 52 (21.0) | 50 (19.2) | 0.658 |
| 21. Wanders aimlessly outside or in the house during the day | 24 (4.2) | 39 (6.8) | 0.053 | 6 (1.8) | 7 (2.2) | 0.784 | 18 (7.2) | 32 (12.3) | 0.073 |
| 22. Physical attacks | 10 (1.7) | 22 (3.8) | 0.032 | 3 (0.9) | 11 (3.5) | 0.030 | 7 (2.8) | 11 (4.2) | 0.475 |
| 23. Screams for no reason | 11 (1.9) | 17 (3.0) | 0.258 | 4 (1.2) | 9 (2.9) | 0.167 | 7 (2.8) | 8 (3.1) | 1.000 |
| 24. Makes inappropriate sexual advances | 6 (1.0) | 2 (0.3) | 0.287 | 3 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.249 | 3 (1.2) | 2 (0.8) | 0.679 |
| 25. Exposes himself/herself indecently | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 1.000 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 2 (0.8) | 1 (0.4) | 0.615 |
| 26. Destroys property or clothing | 7 (1.2) | 5 (0.9) | 0.773 | 3 (0.9) | 3 (1.0) | 1.000 | 4 (1.6) | 2 (0.8) | 0.440 |
| 27. Is incontinent of feces | 24 (4.2) | 32 (5.6) | 0.277 | 5 (1.5) | 10 (2.2) | 0.570 | 19 (7.6) | 24 (9.2) | 0.633 |
| 28. Throws food | 3 (0.5) | 2 (0.3) | 1.000 | 3 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.249 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.8) | 0.499 |
DBD, Dementia Behavioral Disturbance Scale; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination.