Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and echocardiographic characteristics in the overall population and according to exercise capacity < 14 or ≥14 mL/kg/min; P‐value for comparison of each variable between the two groups (peak VO2 < 14 or ≥14 mL/kg/min); P‐value for Pearson's correlation between each variable and linear peak VO2 in the overall population
| Overall population (n = 171) | Peak VO2 < 14 mL/kg/min (n = 77) | Peak VO2 ≥ 14 mL/kg/min (n = 94) | P‐value for comparison | P‐value for correlation with linear peak VO2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 65 ± 11 | 68 ± 10 | 63 ± 11 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 136 (80) | 59 (77) | 77 (82) | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27 ± 5 | 28 ± 5 | 26 ± 4 | 0.01 | 0.003 |
| NYHA class III, n (%) | 23 (13) | 18 (23) | 5 (5) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 105 (61) | 48 (62) | 57 (61) | 0.6 | 0.8 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia, n (%) | 79 (46) | 37 (48) | 42 (42) | 0.7 | 0.7 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 36 (21) | 17 (22) | 19 (20) | 0.7 | 0.7 |
| Ischaemic heart disease, n (%) | 93 (54) | 45 (58) | 48 (51) | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 30 (18) | 21 (27) | 9 (10) | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | 13.4 ± 1.6 | 13.1 ± 1.6 | 13.6 ± 1.6 | 0.05 | 0.003 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.01 | <0.0001 |
| NT‐proBNP, pg/mL | 1473 ± 1962 | 1900 ± 2355 | 1055 ± 1382 | 0.03 | 0.002 |
| Loop diuretics, n (%) | 134 (78) | 70 (91) | 64 (68) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Beta‐blockers, n (%) | 145 (85) | 69 (90) | 76 (81) | 0.2 | 0.1 |
| ACE inhibitors, n (%) | 121 (71) | 45 (58) | 76 (81) | 0.005 | 0.02 |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, n (%) | 41 (24) | 16 (21) | 25 (26) | 0.5 | 0.6 |
| SBP, mmHg | 120 ± 22 | 117 ± 22 | 124 ± 23 | 0.05 | 0.003 |
| HR at rest, b.p.m. | 68 ± 11 | 67 ± 9 | 69 ± 11 | 0.3 | 0.6 |
| Peak VO2, mL/kg/min | 16 ± 11 | 11.4 ± 1.8 | 18.5 ± 3.6 | <0.0001 | — |
| % predicted peak VO2 | 66 ± 21 | 55 ± 18 | 76 ± 20 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Peak RER | 1.09 ± 0.08 | 1.08 ± 0.08 | 1.09 ± 0.08 | 0.2 | 0.9 |
| VE/VCO2 slope | 37 ± 8 | 40.5 ± 9.4 | 33.6 ± 6.0 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| LV EDVi, mL/m2 | 85 ± 36 | 88 ± 35 | 83 ± 36 | 0.4 | 0.01 |
| LVMi, g/m2 | 120 ± 31 | 122 ± 29 | 119 ± 32 | 0.5 | 0.08 |
| LVEF, % | 42 ± 16 | 38 ± 17 | 44 ± 18 | 0.01 | <0.0001 |
| LVGLS, % | −11.6 ± 6.1 | −9.8 ± 6.2 | −12.9 ± 5.9 | 0.001 | <0.0001 |
| SV‐LVOT‐i, mL/m2 | 29 ± 7 | 27 ± 6 | 32 ± 7 | 0.008 | 0.1 |
| Diastolic dysfunction | 156 (91%) | 72 (94%) | 84 (89%) | 0.1 | 0.07 |
| I degree | 39 (23%) | 16 (21%) | 23 (24%) | ||
| II degree | 36 (21%) | 22 (29%) | 14 (15%) | ||
| III degree | 23 (13%) | 11 (14%) | 12 (13%) | ||
| Indeterminate | 58 (34%) | 23 (30%) | 35 (37%) | ||
| LAVi, mL/m2 | 48 ± 21 | 53 ± 24 | 44 ± 18 | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| LA reservoir strain, % | 16 ± 9 | 12 ± 5 | 20 ± 10 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| LA conduit strain, % | 9 ± 5 | 7 ± 3 | 11 ± 5 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| LA contractile strain, % | 9 ± 5 | 6 ± 3 | 10 ± 5 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| E, cm/s | 77 ± 25 | 83 ± 28 | 74 ± 23 | 0.05 | 0.1 |
| A, cm/s | 66 ± 24 | 66 ± 26 | 66 ± 22 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
| E/A | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
| E/e′ | 12.4 ± 5.1 | 12.8 ± 4.6 | 12.1 ± 5.6 | 0.5 | 0.08 |
| MR, n (%) | 136 (80) | 62 (81) | 74 (79) | 0.6 | 0.6 |
| TR, n (%) | 120 (70) | 61 (79) | 59 (63) | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| SPAP, mmHg | 35 ± 12 | 38 ± 13 | 32 ± 9 | 0.01 | 0.001 |
| TAPSE, mm | 20 ± 5 | 18 ± 5 | 21 ± 4 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| TAPSE/SPAP, mm/mmHg | 0.60 ± 0.24 | 0.51 ± 0.22 | 0.68 ± 0.23 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
EDVi, end‐diastolic volume indexed to body surface area; HR, heart rate; LAVi, left atrial volume indexed to body surface area; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction (biplane); LVGLS, left ventricular global longitudinal strain (biplane); LVMi, left ventricular mass indexed to body surface area; MR, mitral regurgitation; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SPAP, systolic pulmonary artery pressure; SV‐LVOT‐i, stroke volume measured at left ventricular outflow tract indexed to body surface area; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; VE/VCO2, minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production ratio; VO2, oxygen consumption.