TABLE 1.

Potential approaches to target podocyte mitochondrial dysfunction in clinical studies.

Agent	Mechanism of action	In vivo and clinical studies	References
Coenzyme Q10	Antioxidant	1) Decreases albuminuria and prevents detrimental changes in mitochondrial function rodent models with DKD	Sourris et al. (2012), Stanczyk et al. (2018), Feng et al. (2017)
		2) Reduces albuminuria in paediatric patients with COQ6 glomerulopathy or ADCK4 mutation
Lademirsen	Inhibits microRNA-21	1) Down-regulation of miR-21 inhibits the progression of DKD in streptozotocin- induced diabetic nephropathy rats	Gomez et al. (2015); Chen et al. 2018)
		2) Phase II study (NCT02855268) in patients with Alport syndrome
Bardoxolone methyl	Activates of Nrf2 and inhibits the expression of Drp1 and mitochondrial fission	1) Decreased albuminuria and has a renoprotective role for podocytes and diabetic glomerulopathy in diabetic nephropathy mice	Fang et al. (2021), Zhou et al. (2020)
		2) Phase III study (NCT03550443) in patients with diabetic kidney disease