Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Monthly ePROM reports (N=24) |
Usual care (N=28) |
Overall (N=52) |
||
| Minimisation variables | ||||
| Risk progression | <40% | 11 (46%) | 14 (50%) | 25 (48%) |
| ≥40% | 13 (54%) | 14 (50%) | 27 (52%) | |
| Self-reported computer experience* | ‘Yes’ | 24 (100%) | 28 (100%) | 52 (100%) |
| ‘No’ | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Ethnicity | ‘White’ | 18 (75%) | 15 (54%) | 33 (63%) |
| ‘Non-white’ | 6 (25%) | 13 (46%) | 19 (37%) | |
| Demographic and other baseline variables | ||||
| Age, years | Mean (95% CI) | 58 (51 to 65) | 56 (50 to 61) | 57 (52 to 61) |
| Gender | Female | 7 (29%) | 8 (29%) | 15 (29%) |
| Male | 17 (71%) | 20 (71%) | 37 (71%) | |
| Highest level of education | Higher education (eg, Bachelors/Masters/Professional degree/ PhD) | 9 (38%) | 9 (32%) | 18 (35%) |
| Further education (eg, A-Levels/Vocational training) | 9 (38%) | 7 (25%) | 16 (31%) | |
| Secondary education (eg, GCSEs/O-levels) | 6 (25%) | 10 (36%) | 16 (31%) | |
| Primary education | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| No qualifications | 0 (0%) | 2 (7%) | 2 (4%) | |
| Not known | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Baseline medical history | Hypertension | 17 (71%) | 25 (89%) | 42 (81%) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1 (4%) | 1 (4%) | 2 (4%) | |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 2 (8%) | 4 (14%) | 6 (12%) | |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 0 (0%) | 3 (11%) | 3 (6%) | |
| Diabetes (type I) | 2 (8%) | 4 (14%) | 6 (12%) | |
| Diabetes (type II) | 7 (29%) | 8 (29%) | 15 (29%) | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Chronic respiratory disorder | 2 (8%) | 2 (7%) | 4 (8%) | |
| Thyroid disease | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 0 (0%) | 1 (4%) | 1 (2%) | |
| Anxiety/depression | 0 (0%) | 2 (7%) | 2 (4%) | |
| Cancer | 6 (25%) | 1 (4%) | 7 (13%) | |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | Mean (95% CI) | 147.6 (139.1 to 156.0) | 146.0 (139.9 to 152.1) | 146.8 (141.7 to 151.8) |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | Mean (95% CI) | 78.8 (75.2 to 82.4) | 77.4 (72.9 to 81.8) | 78.0 (75.2 to 80.9) |
| Health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L index) | Mean (95% CI) | 0.70 (0.60 to 0.80) | 0.78 (0.71 to 0.85) | 0.74 (0.68 to 0.80) |
| 2-year Tangri1 risk of progression to kidney failure | Mean (95% CI) | 0.48 (0.40 to 0.57) | 0.43 (0.34 to 0.51) | 0.45 (0.39 to 0.51) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1,73 m2) | Mean (95% CI) | 14.0 (12.5 to 15.6) | 15.7 (13.9 to 17.5) | 14.9 (13.7 to 16.1) |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | Mean (95% CI) | 384.0 (345.8 to 422.2) | 357.5 (316.3 to 398.8) | 369.8 (341.4 to 398.1) |
| Calcium (μmol/L) | Mean (95% CI) | 2.2 (2.2 to 2.3) | 2.3 (2.2 to 2.3) | 2.3 (2.2 to 2.3) |
| Bicarbonate (μmol/L) | Mean (95% CI) | 20.8 (19.8 to 21.9) | 21.3 (20.3 to 22.2) | 21.1 (20.4 to 21.7) |
| Phosphate (μmol/L) | Mean (95% CI) | 1.4 (1.3 to 1.5) | 1.4 (1.3 to 1.5) | 1.4 (1.3 to 1.5) |
| Albumin (g/L) | Mean (95% CI) | 40.4 (38.2 to 42.6) | 40.8 (39.0 to 42.7) | 40.6 (39.2 to 42.0) |
| ACR (mg/mmol) | Median (IQR) | 206.1 (126.9–285.2) | 178.1 (109.7–246.4) | 191.0 (139.5–242.5) |
| Blood glucose (mmol/L)† | Mean (95% CI) | 8.4 (6.8 to 9.9) | 7.0 (5.6 to 8.4) | 7.6 (6.5 to 8.6) |
| Missing | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 2 (4%) | |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol)† | Mean (95% CI) | 57.2 (42.8 to 71.6) | 53.2 (44.0 to 62.5) | 54.6 (47.1 to 62.2) |
| Missing | 4 (8%) | 3 (6%) | 7 (14%) | |
*Defined as regular use of a computer, tablet or smartphone at least weekly.
†For diabetic participants.1 Tangri N, Stevens LA, Griffith J, et al. A predictive model for progression of chronic kidney disease to kidney failure. Jama. 2011;305(15):1553–1559.21
ACR, albumin creatinine ratio; BP, blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ePROM, electronic patient-reported outcome; EQ5D-5L, EuroQol 5-Dimension, 5-Level; GCSE, General Certificate of Secondary Education; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin.