Table 3.

Specific indirect effects for indirect pathways based on bias-corrected bootstrapped estimates (Specific smartphone use time as mediators)

Specific indirect pathways tested	Bootstrapped estimates for indirect effects
	b	SE	95% CI	β
Instrumental motivation → PSU
MPUT-Learning	−0.074	0.014	[−0.103, −0.049]	−0.031
MPUT-Entertainment	−0.024	0.006	[−0.039, −0.014]	−0.010
MPUT-Communication	−0.010	0.005	[−0.022, −0.003]	−0.004
Self-expression motivation → PSU
MPUT-Learning	−0.138	0.025	[−0.189, −0.093]	−0.048
MPUT-Entertainment	0.024	0.012	[0.004, 0.050]	0.008
MPUT-Communication	−0.002	0.008	[−0.018, 0.013]	−0.001
Hedonic motivation → PSU
MPUT-learning	−0.003	0.050	[−0.113, 0.092]	−0.001
MPUT-Entertainment	0.107	0.028	[0.059, 0.169]	0.028
MPUT-Communication	0.063	0.022	[0.029, 0.116]	0.016
Social relationship motivation → PSU
MPUT-learning	−0.005	0.035	[−0.070, 0.067]	−0.002
MPUT-Entertainment	−0.020	0.017	[−0.057, 0.012]	−0.006
MPUT-Communication	−0.004	0.013	[−0.029, 0.023]	−0.001

Note: Bolded indirect pathways were significant based on bias-corrected bootstrapped 95% confidence interval (CI). PSU, problematic smartphone use; MPUTL, smartphone use time for learning; MPUTE, smartphone use time for entertainment; MPUTC, smartphone use time for communication; b, unstandardized coefficient; SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval for the unstandardized coefficient; β, standardized coefficient.