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. 2022 Feb 28;18(5):2047–2059. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.69343

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HB-EGF causes the aberration of ATP level, mtDNA copy number and MMP via cAMP-PKA-JNK/ERK-Ca²⁺-FOXO1 pathway. A and B, HB-EGF brought about the reduction of ATP content (N = 6) and mtDNA copy number (N = 5) via cAMP-PKA-JNK/ERK-Ca²⁺-FOXO1 pathway. C and D, HB-EGF attenuated the MMP via cAMP-PKA-JNK/ERK-Ca²⁺-FOXO1 pathway by flow cytometry analysis or visualization in fluorescence microscope. N = 3. Scale bar, 20 µm.