Figure 6.

Schematic model showing the molecular mechanisms of the AA-induced nephrotoxicity. Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) in combination with cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), as well metabolomic studies showed that AAs directly target multiple key enzymes in the metabolic process such as lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and TCA cycle, and then impairs mitochondrial dysfunction and induces apoptosis. Overall, our study provides novel insight into underlying mechanisms of AAs-induced kidney toxicity and pathogenesis.