Table 1.

Characteristics of Participants.

	Migraine (n = 20)	Whiplash (n= 17)	Back Pain (n = 19)	Controls (n = 22)	P value	Post-hoc- P < .05
Age	39.65 ± 9.95	41.12 ± 12.1	38.68 ± 12.79	39.27 ± 11.49	0.78 b	-
Sex (female n, %)	16, 80	11,65	14, 74	16, 73	0.78c	-
BMI	26.1 (22.2 – 32)	25.3(20.8 – 33)	25 (22.8 – 27.6)	25.7(23.4 – 26.5)	0.91 a	-
Educational level (University n, %)	12, 60	7, 41	8, 42.1	16, 72.7	0.13 c	-
Pain Characteristics
Duration-ys	18(10.5 – 25)	2.67(1.5 – 4)	5(2 – 12)	N/A	0.01a	^ ||
Average pain intensity in last wk (NRS 0 – 100)	66.05 ± 22.9	59.18 ± 21.29	54.58 ± 20.05	N/A	0.27b	-
Pain/Symp-ms
Pain at time of scan (NRS 0–100)	40(5 – 62)	31 (21 – 50)	30 (20 – 38)	0(0 – 5)	0.01a	ǂ § †
CSI	48.65 ± 16.5	51.24 ± 16.77	31.26 ± 14.74	9 ± 9.1	0.01b	ǂ § † || ≠
Disability
WHODAS 2.0	26.9 ± 18.4	31.71 ± 18.84	19.74 ± 10.84	0.64 ± 1.56	0.01b	ǂ § †
HIT-6 (36 – 78)	68 (62 – 70)	65 (61 – 67)	40 (36 – 44)	36 (36 – 38)	0.01a	ǂ § || ≠
Psychological Status
DASS	20(12 – 32)	30 (22 – 76)	16 (8 – 34)	2 (0 – 6)	0.01a	ǂ § †
Depression	2 (0 – 9)	10 (4 – 24)	4 (2 – 8)	0 (0 – 0)	0.01a	§ † ^
Anxiety	6 (2 – 12)	6 (4 – 16)	2 (0 – 6)	0 (0 – 2)	0.01a	ǂ § ≠
Stress	10(8 – 17)	16(10 – 24)	6 (4 – 20)	0 (0 – 4)	0.01a	ǂ § †
PTSD Checklist	9 (5 – 16)	21 (9 – 36)	6(2 – 17)	0 (0 – 4)	0.01a	ǂ § †

Normally distributed data presented as Mean ± SD, and non-normally distributed data presented as median and (IQR). Between group analysis are denoted as follows: 1) Kruskal-Wallis test; 2)ANOVA; 3) Chi-Squared. Symbols represent significant post-hoc comparisons (P < .05) following Bonferroni correction as follows

^{^}Migraine versus Whiplash

^||Migraine versus Low back pain

^ǂMigraine versus Control

^≠Whiplash versus Low back pain

^§Whiplash versus Control

^†Low back pain versus Control.