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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 21.
Published in final edited form as: Sleep Med Clin. 2015 Mar;10(1):1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2014.11.007

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Nonlinear network of mediators of allostasis involved in the stress response. Arrows indicate that each system regulates the others in a reciprocal manner, creating a nonlinear network. Moreover, there are multiple pathways for regulation (eg, inflammatory cytokine production is negatively regulated via anti-inflammatory cytokines as well as via parasympathetic and glucocorticoid pathways), whereas sympathetic activity increases inflammatory cytokine production. Parasympathetic activity, in turn, contains sympathetic activity. CNS, central nervous system; DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone. (Adapted from Karatsoreos IN, McEwen BS. Psychobiological allostasis: resistance, resilience and vulnerability. Trends Cogn Sci 2011;15:576–84; with permission.)