Table 2.
Characteristics of studies on circulating LC n-3 PUFA and risk of HF.
| Study | Country/region | Cohort characteristics | Measure of exposure | Tissue type (measuring method) | Sample size (% women) | HF case (n) | Age (years), average (range or SD) | Follow-up (years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Djousse et al. 19 | United States | Community residents | EPA DHA DPA |
Serum (GC) | 2003 (61.2%) | 655 | 77.7 (4.4) | 9.7 |
| Block et al. 20 | United States | Community residents | EPA DHA DPA EPA + DHA |
Plasma phospholipid (GC-FID) | 6562 (52.0%) | 292 | 63.0 (10.0) | 13 |
| Hara et al. 21 | Japan | AMI patients | EPA DHA |
Serum (GC) | 712 (22.2%) | 35 | 65.0 (NA) | 3.0 |
| Wilk et al. 15 | United States | Healthy male physicians | EPA + DHA + DPA | Plasma phospholipid (GC) | 1576 (0%) | 786 | 58.7 (NA) | 8.4 |
| Mozaffarian et al. 22 | United States | Community residents | EPA DHA DPA EPA + DHA + DPA |
Plasma phospholipid (GC-FID) | 2735 (58.0%) | 555 | 75.2 (NA) | 9.7 |
| Yamagishi et al. 23 -ARIC study | United States | Community residents | EPA DHA EPA + DHA |
Plasma phospholipid (GLC) | 3575 (53.4%) | 197 | 53.7 (5.6) | 14.3 |
AMI, acute myocardial infarction; ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; DPA, docosapentaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; GC, gas chromatography; GC-FID, gas-chromatograph/flame-ionization-detector; GLC, gas-liquid chromatogram; HF, heart failure; LC, long chain; NA, not available; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SD, standard deviation.