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. 2022 Mar 14:1–11. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2022.2043560

Table 1.

Interventions organized by treatment category.

Pharmacotherapy Biologic Dietary supplement Homeopathic/alternative medicine Treatment/procedure Rehabilitation programme/therapy
  • Anhydrous enol-oxaloacetate

  • Atorvastatin

  • Ivermectin

  • Methylnicotinamide

  • Montelukast

  • N115 sodium pyruvate nasal spray

  • Naltrexone + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

  • Nasal spray composed of local corticosteroids and antihistamines

  • S-1226 (mixture of aerosolized carbon dioxide and nebulized perflubron)

  • Ampion (low molecular weight filtrate of human serum albumin)

  • Cerebrolysin (mixture of peptides purified from pig brains)

  • COVI-MSC (allogeneic culture-expanded adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells)

  • cSVF (autologous cellular stromal vascular fraction)

  • Leronlimab

  • MON002 (autologous monocyte product)

  • RSLV-132 (ribonuclease)

  • Ruconest

  • Bioarginina C (L-arginine and liposomal vitamin C)

  • Endourage Targeted Wellness Formula C Sublingual Drops (CBD oral drops)

  • Myoquinon (high dose coenzyme Q10)

  • Niagen (nicotinamide riboside)

  • Omni-Biotic Pro Vi 5 (pre- and pro-biotic dietary supplement)

  • Agastya Haritaki, Ashwagandha and Yoga

  • Chatushashti Prahari Pippali

  • CIM-Meg19 (Ayurvedic formulation)

  • Vardhamana Pippli Rasayana (pippali powder)

  • Various homoeopathic medications based upon symptom analysis

  • Combined spirometry and neurophysiological facilitation technique

  • Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) – 3 trials

  • INDIBA (Monopolar Radio Frequency at 448 kHz)

  • Sphenopalatine ganglion block with local anaesthetic

  • Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) – 3 trials

  • Breathing and singing classes

  • Cognitive training

  • Exercise-based/physiotherapy rehabilitation programme – 8 trials

  • Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) – 3 trials

  • Internet-based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (iCBT)

  • mentalPlus (cognitive rehabilitation digital game)

  • Mind-body programme

  • Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)

  • Rehabilitation programme with virtual component – 9 trials

  • Respiratory rehabilitation programme – 9 trials

  • Treadmill exercise with supplemental oxygen

  • Covidanosmie.fr (web application for olfactory rehabilitation)

Subcategories are not mutually exclusive; for example, under the ‘Rehabilitation Program/Therapy’ category, one trial may have been counted as part of multiple sub-groups (e.g. both exercise-based rehabilitation programme and rehabilitation programme with virtual component) if both components were specified in the program description.

CBD: cannabidiol