Table 2.

Interventions organized by long COVID symptom(s) targeted.

Pulmonary/respiratory	Fatigue	Neurocognitive	Anosmia	Headache	Multiple symptoms/not specified
Ampion Breathing and singing classes Breathing exercises and aerobic training program Combined spirometry and neurophysiological facilitation (NPF) technique COVI-MSC (allogeneic culture-expanded Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells) cSVF (autologous, cellular stromal vascular fraction) Homoeopathic medications based upon symptom analysis Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) – 3 trials MON002 (autologous monocyte product) Montelukast S-1226 (mixture of aerosolized carbon dioxide and nebulized perflubron) Telerehabilitation/physiotherapy – 3 trials	Anhydrous enol-Oxaloacetate Bioarginina C (L-arginine and liposomal vitamin C) Exercise-based rehabilitation program Internet-based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (iCBT) Low dose naltrexone Methylnicotinamide Nicotinamide adenine Dinucleotide Ruconest Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) – 2 trials	Atorvastatin Cognitive training Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) mentalPlus (cognitive rehabilitation digital game) Niagen (nicotinamide riboside) Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)	Cerebrolysin (mixture of peptides purified from pig brains) Covidanosmie.fr (web application for olfactory rehabilitation) Ivermectin Nasal spray composed of local corticosteroids and antihistamines	Sphenopalatine ganglion block with local anaesthetic	Agastya Haritaki, Ashwagandha and Yoga Chatushashti Prahari Pippali CIM-Meg19 (Ayurvedic formulation) Endourage Targeted Wellness Formula C Sublingual Drops (CBD oral drops) Exercise-based/physiotherapy rehabilitation – 6 trials High dose Coenzyme Q10 (myoquinon) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) INDIBA (monopolar radio frequency at 448 kHz) Leronlimab Mind-body programme N115 sodium pyruvate nasal spray Omni-Biotic Pro Vi 5 (pre- and pro-biotic dietary supplement) Rehabilitation program with virtual component – 5 trials Respiratory muscle training (RMT) and nasal breathing programme Respiratory rehabilitation – 5 trials RSLV-132 (ribonuclease) Treadmill Exercise with Supplemental Oxygen Vardhamana Pippli Rasayana (pippali powder)

Subcategories are not mutually exclusive; for example one trial may have been counted as part of multiple sub-categories (e.g. as part of both ‘Inspiratory muscle training (IMT)’ and ‘telerehabilitation/physiotherapy’) if both components were included in the description of the intervention.

CBD: cannabidiol