Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| References | Country | Sample sizee, I/C | Age, I/C† (year) | Female sex, I/C (%) | BMI (kg/m2) | Preop. intervention | Study type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calatayud et al. [8] | Spain | 25/25 | 66.8 ± 4.8/66.7 ± 3.1 | 84.1# | 32.0 ± 4.2/31.0 ± 3.8 | Seated leg press, knee extension, leg curl, and hip abduction (5 sets of 10 repetitions for each exercise, with 60 s rest between sets) 3 days per week for 8 weeks | RCT |
| Matassi et al. [9] | Italy | 61/61 | 66 ± 7.2/67 ± 7.7 | 54.1/42.6 | 29.0 ± 4.3/28.0 ± 3.7 | Muscle training: isometric quadriceps, isotonic hamstring, isotonic quadriceps contraction, and dynamic stepping exercise for 6 weeks | RCT |
| Huber et al. [10] | Switzerland | 22/23 | 68.8 ± 8.0/71.9 ± 8.1 | 50.0/43.5 | 30.8 ± 4.9/29.9 ± 5.5 | Neuromuscular training program for 4–12 weeks, depending on their location on the waiting list for surgery | RCT |
| Mat Eil-Ismail et al. [11] | Malaysia | 24/26 | 62.4/64.3 | 91.7/80.8 | – | Physical exercises (stretching, isometric strengthening exercises, mobilising exercises and heat therapy) for 6 weeks | RCT |
| Alghadir et al. [14] | India | 25/25 | 63.3 ± 9.4# | 58.2# | – | Strengthening and mobility exercises, proper techniques of transfers, and gait training, once a day for 30 min | RCT |
| Aytekin et al. [15] | Turkey | 21/23 | 67.8 ± 6.3/69.7 ± 6.4 | 85.7/78.2 | 32.8 ± 5.9/30.2 ± 4.9 | Education and home-based exercise, 2 sets of 10 repetitions of each exercise for five days/week for 12 weeks | RCT |
| Domínguez-Navarro et al. [16] | Spain | 28/26 | 70.8 ± 5.4/70.4 ± 5.6 | 57.1/65.4 | – | Strengthening training and progressive resistance exercise (the sessions lasted 30–40 min) for 5–8 weeks | RCT |
| Huang et al. [17] | Taiwan | 126/117 | 69.8 ± 7.2/70.5 ± 7.4 | 69.8/73.5 | 27.1 ± 4.0/27.2 ± 4.5 | Muscle strength training: knee setting, ankle pumping and hip abduction with resistance for 6 weeks | RCT |
| Saw et al. [18] | South Africa | 35/39 | 60.7 ± 5.5# | 81.1# | 34.5 ± 8.2# | Six physiotherapist-led group-based sessions (two hours/week of education, exercise and relaxation)for 6 weeks | RCT |
| An et al. [19] | Korea | 18/18 | 71.1 ± 3.3/70.4 ± 2.6 | – | 26.5 ± 2.5/26.5 ± 2.9 | Preoperative telerehabilitation program (30 min/session, 2 times/day, 5 days/week for 3 weeks, for a total of 30 sessions) | RCT |
| Cavill et al. [20] | Australia | 21/20 | 66.0 ± 8.4/68.3 ± 9.1 | 52.0/55.0 | – | Prehabilitation included one-hour twice-weekly sessions for at least three and a maximum of 4 weeks prior to surgery | RCT |
| Skoffer et al. [21] | Denmark | 30/29 | 70.7 ± 7.3/70.1 ± 6.4 | 63.3/58.6 | 30/31.8 | Leg press, knee extension, knee flexion, hip extension, hip abduction, and hip adduction in strength training machines 3 training sessions per week for 4 weeks | RCT |
| Skoffer et al. [22] | Denmark | 30/29 | 70.7 ± 7.3/70.1 ± 6.4 | 63.3/58.6 | 30/31.8 | Leg press, knee extension, knee flexion, hip extension, hip abduction, and hip adduction in strength training machines 3 training sessions per week for 4 weeks | RCT |
| Walls et al. [23] | Ireland | 9/5 | 64.4 ± 8.0/63.2 ± 11.4 | 67/80 | 30.7 ± 3.0/32.8 ± 6.3 | 8 weeks of preoperative unsupervised, home-based Neuromuscular electrical stimulation Straining applied unilaterally to the QFM of the affected side | RCT |
| McKay et al. [24] | Canada | 10/12 | 63.5 ± 4.9/60.6 ± 8.1 | 50.0/66.7 | 35.0 ± 6.1/33.8 ± 7.1 | A 10-min aerobic warm-up, followed by a circuit of bilateral lower body exercises (standing calf raise, seated leg press, leg curl, knee extension). 2 sets of 8 repetitions of each exercise | RCT |
| BEAUPRE et al. [25] | Canada | 65/66 | 67.0 ± 7.0/67.0 ± 6.0 | 60.0/50.0 | 32.0 ± 6.0/32.0 ± 5.0 | Crutch walking on level ground and on stairs, bed mobility and transfers, and the postoperative ROM routine, 3 times per week for 4 weeks for a total of 12 treatment sessions | RCT |
| Tungtrongjit et al. [26] | Thailand | 30/30 | 63.0 ± 7.6/65.9 ± 7.2 | 86.7/80.0 | 24.3 ± 2.4/25.3 ± 3.8 | The patients were asked to participate in 3 weeks Home Program (General Quadriceps strengthening exercise) until their TKA | RCT |
| Gstoettner et al. [27] | Austria | 18/20 | 72.8 ± 15.7/66.9 ± 12.6 | 88.9/70 | 27.4/28.2 | Preoperative proprioceptive training programme were taught and supervised for 45 min per setting by the same physical therapist for 6 weeks before TKA | RCT |
| Topp et al. [28] | America | 26/28 | 64.1 ± 7.05/63.5 ± 6.68 | 73.1/64.3 | 32.16 ± 5.87/32.00 ± 6.09 | Resistance, flexibility and step training, 1 supervised and 2 home sessions, 3 days per week for 4 weeks | RCT |
I = intervention group, C = control group
†Values are given as the mean with or without the standard deviation
#Patient demographics were not separated by randomized group