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. 2022 Mar 2;8(2):e55. doi: 10.1192/bjo.2022.17

Table 5.

Overview of time effectsa detected, with P-values and 95% CIs

Linear mixed model Logistic regression LNPT
Clinical cut-off Spike cut-off
Variable Transform Slope P 95% CI OR P 95% CI OR P 95% CI P Interpretation of resultsb
DG_SYM 2.9527 <0.0001 2.62 to 3.29 <0.0001 Significant, positive
DGT_SP_bck 0.2876 <0.0001 0.21 to 0.36 0.0066 Significant, positive
DGT_SP_frw 0.0666 0.0577 −0.01 to 0.14 0.1966 Not significant, positive
TMT_A log(x) −0.0634 <0.0001 −0.07 to −0.05 <0.0001 Significant, positive
TMT_B log(x) −0.0464 <0.0001 −0.06 to −0.04 <0.0001 Significant, positive
VLMT_corr sqrt(80 − x) −0.3473 <0.0001 −0.40 to −0.30 <0.0001 Significant, positive
VLMT_lss_d log(8 + x) −0.0144 0.0282 −0.03 to −0.002 0.0847 Significant, positive
VLMT_lss_t log(5 + x) −0.0226 0.0473 −0.05 to −0.00 0.0970 Significant, positive
VLMT_rec 1.82c 0.0918 0.93 to 3.77 1.40d 0.0036 1.12 to 1.75 0.0796 Borderline significant, positive
BDI 1.01e 0.9367 0.72 to 1.43 1.04 0.6303 0.90 to 1.19 0.8432 Not significant, assumed stable
MSS 2.86e 0.0043 1.47 to 6.25 1.36 <0.0001 1.18 to 1.57 0.0029 Conflicting with YMRS, negative
GAF sqrt(100 − x) −0.0142 0.5811 −0.06 to 0.04 1.24d 0.0120 1.05 to 1.46 1.11 0.2053 0.95 to 1.29 0.9271 Conflicting, assumed stable
0.76c 0.0027 0.63 to 0.91
GAF_cat −0.0227 0.2480 −0.06 to 0.01 0.9521
IDS 0.61e 0.1081 0.32 to 1.10 0.89 0.1028 0.76 to 1.02 0.2854 Not significant, assumed stable
PANSS 1.07 0.3625 0.92 to 1.26 0.7953 Not significant, assumed stable
YMRS 0.80 <0.0001 0.70 to 0.93 0.2853 Conflicting with MSS, positive

LNPT, longitudinal non-parametric test; DG_SYM, Digit Symbol Test; DGT_SP, verbal Digit Span test; bck, backwards; frw, forwards; TMT, Trail Making Test, Parts A and B; VLMT, German version of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; corr, correctly recalled; lss_d, loss of correct words after distraction; lss_t, loss of correct words after time span; rec, recognition of words; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory II; MSS, Self-Report Manic Inventory [in German]; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning; cat, categorical; IDS, 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology; MSS, Self-Report Manic Inventory [in German]; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale.

a.

The time effect was estimated using a linear mixed model (LMM) or logistic regression including age, gender and a random intercept, and checked for robustness using an LNPT. Estimated effects are reported as slopes for the LMM and OR for the logistic regression.

b.

Summary of the results regarding the stability assumption. Positive indicates improved performance over time for the participants or fewer symptoms.

c.

Cut-off for good function (could be interpreted as few symptoms).

d.

Cut-off for perfect function (could be interpreted as no symptoms).

e.

Clinical cut-off in logistic regression. Note that for VLMT_rec and GAF/GAF_cat one or two of the cut-offs fall together and are not listed twice.