Table 1.

Antiviral Drugs and Non-Antiviral Drugs That Could Be Repurposed Against COVID-19 Include Their Mode of Action, Original Use, and Chemical Structure

Drug	Classification	MOA	Original Use	Repurposing	Structure
Antiviral drugs for the fight against COVID-19
Targeting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Reverse Transcription inhibitors)
Remedsivir78	Antiviral agent	Targeting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Reverse transcription inhibitor)	Ebola’s treatment	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
Favipiravir91	Antiviral agent	Targeting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Reverse transcription inhibitor)	Influenza’s treatment	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
Ribavirin90	Antiviral agent	Targeting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Reverse transcription inhibitor)	Treats viral infections (HCV, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and viral hemorrhagic fevers)	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
Tenofovir100	Antiviral agent	Targeting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Reverse transcription inhibitor)	Treatment of HIV or HBV chronic infection	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
Galidesivir100	Antiviral agent	Targeting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Reverse transcription inhibitor)	Ebola virus disease besides a lot of viruses’ infections	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
Fusion inhibitors (Targeting Spike Protein)
Umifenovir90	Antiviral agent	Fusion inhibitor	The prophylaxis and treatment of influenza A and B infections, HCV, HBV, and Ebola	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
Nafamostat mesylate107	Antiviral agent	Fusion inhibitor	Treats disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
Camostat mesylate107	Antiviral agent	Fusion inhibitor	Treats DIC	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
Neuraminidase inhibitors
Oseltamivir115	Antiviral agent	Neuraminidase inhibitor	Treatment of influenza	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
Zanamivir113,114	Antiviral agent	Neuraminidase inhibitor	Treatment of influenza	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
Peramivir113,114	Antiviral agent	Neuraminidase inhibitor	Treatment of influenza	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
Protease inhibitors
Lopinavir118	Antiviral agent	Protease inhibitor	Treatment of HIV infection	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
Danoprevir124	Antiviral agent	NS3/4A protease inhibitor	Treatment of HCV infection	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
Darunavir126	Antiviral agent	Protease inhibitor	Treatment of HIV infection	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
Atazanavir128	Antiviral agent	Protease inhibitor	Treatment of HIV infection	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
Saquinavir131	Antiviral agent	Protease inhibitor	Treatment of HIV infection	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
Indinavir131	Antiviral agent	Protease inhibitor	Treatment of HIV infection	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
Amprenavir131	Antiviral agent	Protease inhibitor	Treatment of HIV infection	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
Raltegravir131	Antiviral agent	Protease inhibitor	Treatment of HIV infection	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
Paritaprevir131	Antiviral agent	Protease inhibitor	Treatment of HIV infection	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
Niclosamide58	Antiviral agent	Protease inhibitor	Treatment of worm infections. Also, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, ZIKV, JEV, HCV, EBOV, HRVs, CHIKV, HAdV, and EBV.	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
Nelfinavir141	Antiviral agent	Protease inhibitor	Treatment of HIV infection	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
Ebselen100	Antiviral agent	Protease inhibitor	Treatment of neurodegenerative diseases	COVID-19ʹs Treatment
M2 ion-channel protein blockers
Amantadine151,152	Antiviral agent	M2 ion-channel protein blocker	Treatment of influenza viruses	COVID-19ʹs treatment
Adamantane151,152	Antiviral agent	M2 ion-channel protein blocker	Treatment of influenza viruses	COVID-19ʹs treatment
Rimantadine151,152	Antiviral agent	M2 ion-channel protein blocker	Treatment of influenza viruses	COVID-19ʹs treatment
Non-Antiviral drugs that have antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection
Ivermectin100	Antiparasitic agent	Protease inhibitor	Treatment of HIV and Dengue virus infections	COVID-19ʹs treatment
Interferon-Alpha/Beta153,162	Immune stimulating agent	Initiation of JAK-STAT signaling cascades	Treatment of HBV, HCV, autoimmune disorders, and malignant tumor	COVID-19ʹs treatment
Chlorpromazine100	Antipsychotic, Anxiolytic, Antiemetic, antiviral, and antifungal agents	Inhibits the assembly of Clathrin lattices and prevents the entry of the virus into host cells.	Treatment of manic-depression or schizophrenia, vomiting, nausea, anxiety, acute intermittent porphyria, and chronic hiccups	COVID-19ʹs treatment
Emetine166	Anti-protozoan agent	Inhibits the low-micromolar spectrum and replication of coronaviruses	Treatment of Ebola virus, Zika virus, HIV, Cytomegalovirus, Newcastle virus, fever virus of the Rift River, and influenza viruses, etc.	COVID-19ʹs treatment
Aplidine167	Antiviral agent	Inhibits the spread and multiplication of the virus	Treatment of multiple myeloma	COVID-19ʹs treatment
Teicoplanin169	Antibiotic agent	Prevents the release of the viral genome RNE and the viral replication cycle	Treatment of streptococcal, staphylococcal infections, HIV, influenza virus, hepatitis C, flavivirus, Ebola, SARS -CoV, and MERS -CoV.	COVID-19ʹs treatment
Baricitinib172	Anti-inflammatory and Immunosuppressive agent	A Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor (Fusion inhibitor)	Treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA)	COVID-19ʹs treatment
Ruxolitinib49	Anti-inflammatory and Immunosuppressive agent	A Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor (Fusion inhibitor)	Treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA)	COVID-19ʹs treatment
Fedratinib49	Anti-inflammatory and Immunosuppressive agent	A Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor (Fusion inhibitor)	Treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA)	COVID-19ʹs treatment
Rapamycin175	Antifungal and immunosuppressive agent	Immunosuppressant; PI3K/mTOR inhibitor that inhibits the viral replication	Andes virus, HCV, Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and H1N1 pneumonia	COVID-19ʹs treatment