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Stacked bar charts as a function of year, with color denoting gender membership, for the fraction of research articles with a first author belonging to a particular gender group in a JAMA and b NEJM; and the fraction of research articles with a last (senior) author belonging to a particular gender group in c JAMA and d NEJM. Notes: Androgynous names could not be confidently classified as a “male” or “female”. Consortia and study groups were excluded from this analysis
