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. 2022 Mar 7;13:827146. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.827146

Figure 1.

Figure 1

SARS-CoV-2-derived Spike 1 (S1) protein affects microvascular endothelial viability and phenotype in vitro. (A) Quantification of cell viability in HMEC-1 exposed for 24 h to medium alone (CTR) or S1 at the concentration of 0.5 nM, 10 nM, or 50 nM. (B) Quantification and representative images of the binding of the S1 protein (red) to HMEC-1 treated with medium alone (CTR) or S1 at the concentration of 0.5 nM and 10 nM for 24 h. (C, D) Quantification and representative images of ICAM-1 expression [(C), red] and vWF deposition [(D), red] on HMEC-1 treated with medium alone (CTR) or S1 at the concentration of 0.5 nM and 10 nM for 24 h. All experiments were repeated 3 times. Data represent mean ± SEM and were analysed with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. **p-value<0.01, and ***p-value<0.001 vs CTR; $$$ p-value<0.001 vs 0.5 nM S1; °°p-value<0.01, and °°°p-value<0.001 vs 10 nM S1. All the slides were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar 20 μm.