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. 2022 Mar 17;42(1):06. doi: 10.35946/arcr.v42.1.06

Table 3.

Summary of Findings on Impact of Cannabis Policy on Alcohol Use Measures Among Studies Examining Adult Populations or All Ages

Article Data (Study Period) Age Group MJ Policy Measure Alcohol Policy or Price Measure Impact of MJ Policy on Alcohol Use Measure Impact of MJ Policy on MJ Use Measure
Wen et al. (2015)48 NSDUH (2004–2012) Individual Age 21+ MML Beer tax ↑ 30 d total alcohol drinks
30 d binge drinking days
↑ AUD in past year
30 d MJ use
30 d daily/near-daily MJ use
↑ Days of MJ use
↑ First MJ use last year
DSM-IV MJ use/dependence
MML provisions Beer tax Nonspecific pain provision:
30 d binge drinking days
Nonspecific pain provision:
30 d MJ use
Daily/near-daily MJ use
Dragone et al. (2019)58 NSDUH (2010–2014) Aggregated Adult RML No ↓ Alcohol use
30 d binge drinking
MJ use
Sabia et al. (2017)26 BRFSS (1990–2012) Age 25+ MML Alcohol tax Zero tolerance laws 30 d any alcohol use, ages 25–34
↓ 30 d any alcohol use, age 35+
↓ Binge drinking, ages 25–34
Binge drinking, age 35+
None
Sabia & Nguyen (2018)57 BRFSS (1990–2016) Ages 30–39
Ages 40–49
Ages 50–64
MML Beer tax ↓ 30 d number of drinks, ages 30–39
↓ 30 d number of drinks, ages 40–49
↓ 30 d number of drinks, ages 50–64
None
Andreyeva & Ukert (2019)60 BRFSS (1993–2013) Age 18+ MML No 30 d heavy drinking
30 d risky drinking
↓ 30 d binge drinking
None
MML with active dispensaries No ↑ 30 d heavy drinking
↓ 30 d risky drinking
↓ 30 d binge drinking
None
Fink et al. (2020)61 NLAES (1991–1992), NESARC (2001–2002), NESARC-III (2012–2013) Age 18+ MML No NS: Driving under influence of alcohol ↑ Driving under influence of MJ
Meinhofer et al. (2019)62 TEDS (2002–2014) Ages 12–49 MML Beer tax Tx admissions of pregnant women involving alcohol
↑ Tx admissions of nonpregnant women involving alcohol
Tx admissions of pregnant women involving MJ
↑ Tx admissions of nonpregnant women involving MJ
Conyers & Ayres (2020)64 Hospital discharge data (2010–2016) Arizona only All ages MML No ↑ ED visits for ICD-9 alcohol abuse and poisoning ED visits for ICD-9 MJ abuse and poisoning
Delling et al. (2019)63 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (2010–2014) All ages RML No Admissions for ICD-9 alcohol abuse Admissions for ICD-9 MJ abuse
Baggio et al. (2020)27 Nielsen retail scanner data (2006–2015) Age 21+ MML Beer tax Alcohol sales None
Veligati et al. (2020)68 Per capita sales (1990–2016) All ages MML Beer tax Legal BAC limit of 0.08 ↓ Per capita alcohol sales None
RML Beer tax Legal BAC limit of 0.08 ↑ Per capita alcohol sales None
Cook et al. (2020)53 FARS (2010–2017) Ages 25–44 Decrim Beer tax ALR ↓ MVCs with BAC ≥ 0.08% None
MML Beer tax ALR MVCs with BAC ≥ 0.08% None
Steinemann et al. (2018)69 FARS (1993–2015) All ages MML No NS: Positive for alcohol among fatally injured drivers tested
NS: Positive for alcohol among all fatally injured drivers
Positive for MJ among fatally injured drivers tested
Positive for MJ among all fatally injured drivers
Hansen et al. (2020)28 FARS (2000–2016) Age 16+ RML No NS: Fraction of fatal accidents with 1+ alcohol-positive driver
NS: Total alcohol-related fatalities per 1 billion VMT
NS: Fraction of fatal accidents with 1+ MJ-positive driver
NS: Total MJ-related fatalities per 1 billion VMT

Bold text indicates finding statistically significant at alpha = 0.05 for a two-tailed test.

Note: ALR, administrative license revocation; AUD, alcohol use disorder; BAC, blood alcohol concentration; BRFSS, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Decrim, decriminalization; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; ED, emergency department; FARS, Fatality Analysis Reporting System; ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases: Ninth Revision; MJ, marijuana; MML, medical marijuana law; MVCs, motor vehicle crashes; NESARC, National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions; NLAES, National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey; NS, nonsignificant; NSDUH, National Survey on Drug Use and Health; RML, recreational marijuana law; TEDS, Treatment Episode Data Set; Tx, treatment; VMT, vehicle miles traveled; YRBSS, Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System.