Table 1.
Participant characteristics and measures
| Characteristic | Number of participants (%)/mean (range) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver | Statistic | p value | Patient | Statistic | p value | |||||
| Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | |||||
| Demographics | ||||||||||
| Gender | 25 (28.4) | 63 (71.6) | 88 (100) | 63 (71.6) | 25 (28.4) | 88 (100) | ||||
| Age | 66.5 (47–84) | 64 (39–80) | 65 (45–78) | 67.5 (44–89) | ||||||
| Length of relationship | 34.5 (2–58) | 33.9 (1–64) | 0.15 | 0.8796 | 35 (8–58) | 33.8 (1–64) | 0.33 | 0.7419 | ||
| Race | ||||||||||
| AI/AN | 0 | 2 (2.3) | 2 (2.3) | 0 | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.1) | ||||
| White/Caucasian | 22 (25.0) | 57 (64.8) | 79 (89.8) | 24 (27.3) | 58 (65.9) | 82 (93.2) | ||||
| African–American | 1 (1.1) | 3 (3.4) | 4 (4.5) | 1 (1.1) | 4 (4.5) | 5 (5.7) | ||||
| Other | 1 (1.1) | 0 | 1 (1.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic | 24 (27.9) | 57 (66.3) | 81 (94.2) | 0.2118 | 1 | 25 (28.4) | 60 (68.2) | 85 (96.6) | 1.2325 | 0.2669 |
| Hispanic | 1 (1.2) | 4 (4.65) | 5 (5.8) | 0 | 3 (3.4) | 3 (3.4) | ||||
| Religious affiliation | ||||||||||
| Catholic | 7 (8.4) | 14 (16.9) | 21 (25.3) | 0.9556 | 0.9165 | 5 (6.0) | 14 (16.9) | 19 (22.9) | 4.2076 | 0.3786 |
| Jewish | 1 (1.2) | 4 (4.8) | 5 (6.0) | 1 (1.2) | 3 (3.6) | 4 (4.8) | ||||
| Protestant | 9 (10.8) | 23 (27.7) | 32 (38.6) | 13 (15.7) | 22 (26.6) | 35 (42.2) | ||||
| Other | 4 (4.8) | 11 (13.3) | 15 (18.1) | 4 (4.8) | 8 (9.6) | 12 (14.5) | ||||
| No religious affiliation | 4 (4.8) | 6 (7.2) | 10 (12.1) | 1 (1.2) | 12 (14.5) | 13 (15.7) | ||||
| Financial situation | ||||||||||
| Not very good | 3 (3.5) | 7 (8.1) | 10 (11.5) | 0.0715 | 0.9649 | 2 (2.4) | 9 (10.6) | 11 (12.9) | 0.6358 | 0.7277 |
| Comfortable | 17 (19.5) | 41 (47.1) | 58 (66.7) | 15 (17.7) | 35 (41.2) | 50 (58.8) | ||||
| More than adequate to meet my needs | 5 (5.8) | 14 (16.1) | 19 (21.8) | 7 (8.2) | 17 (20.0) | 24 (28.2) | ||||
| Education | ||||||||||
| Less than high school | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.1) | 2 (2.3) | 7.1088 | 0.2127 | 0 | 3 (3.4) | 3 (3.4) | 8.0048 | 0.156 |
| High school graduate or equivalent | 4 (4.6) | 10 (11.4) | 14 (15.9) | 7 (8) | 6 (6.8) | 13 (14.8) | ||||
| Some college or vocational school | 6 (6.82) | 26 (29.6) | 32 (36.4) | 7 (8) | 22 (25.0) | 29 (32.9) | ||||
| College graduate (4 years) | 5 (5.7) | 8 (9.1) | 13 (14.8) | 2 (2.3) | 14 (15.9) | 16 (18.2) | ||||
| Some graduate or professional school | 0 | 6 (6.82) | 6 (6.8) | 2 (2.3) | 5 (5.7) | 7 (8) | ||||
| Graduate or professional degree | 9 (10.2) | 12 (13.6) | 21 (23.9) | 7 (8) | 13 (14.8) | 20 (22.7) | ||||
| Employment | ||||||||||
| Not currently employed | 15 (17.7) | 38 (44.7) | 53 (62.4) | 0.8182 | 0.6643 | 23 (26.4) | 44 (50.6) | 67 (77.0) | 4.7772 | 0.0918 |
| Part-time | 2 (2.4) | 9 (10.6) | 11 (12.9) | 0 | 5 (5.8) | 5 (5.8) | ||||
| Full-time | 7 (8.2) | 14 (16.5) | 21 (24.7) | 2 (2.30) | 13 (14.9) | 15 (17.2) | ||||
| Overall health | ||||||||||
| Excellent | 2 (2.3) | 12 (13.6) | 14 (15.9) | 3.5583 | 0.3133 | 3 (3.4) | 1 (1.1) | 4 (4.6) | 6.5578 | 0.1612 |
| Very good | 14 (15.9) | 24 (27.3) | 38 (43.2) | 9 (10.2) | 23 (26.1) | 32 (36.4) | ||||
| Average | 8 (9.1) | 26 (29.6) | 34 (38.6) | 9 (10.2) | 19 (21.6) | 28 (31.8) | ||||
| Poor | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.1) | 2 (2.3) | 3 (3.4) | 18 (20.5) | 21 (23.9) | ||||
| Very poor | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.1) | 2 (2.3) | 3 (3.4) | ||||
| Psychosocial measures | ||||||||||
| HADS | ||||||||||
| Anxiety | 5.8 (0–16) | 8.6 (0–19) | −2.85 | 0.0054 | 5.0 (0–12) | 5.2 (0–13) | −0.28 | 0.7817 | ||
| Depression | 3.3 (0–9) | 5.3 (0–15) | −2.9 | 0.0051 | 4.4 (0–12) | 4.8 (0–14) | −0.65 | 0.5151 | ||
| Total | 9.0 (0–23) | 13.9 (1–32) | −3.39 | 0.0012 | 9.3 (1–22) | 10.0 (1–26) | −0.51 | 0.6123 | ||
| Perceived Stress Scale | 4.7 (1–9) | 6.3 (0–13) | −2.26 | 0.026 | 4.0 (0–11) | 4.7 (0–12) | −0.91 | 0.3659 | ||
| Caregiver burden | ||||||||||
| Objective burden | 21.5 (17–29) | 22.3 (14–30) | −0.95 | 0.3464 | ||||||
| Stress burden | 13.5 (8–16) | 14.3 (8–20) | −1.7 | 0.0945 | ||||||
| Demand burden | 11.8 (4–18) | 11.8 (4–19) | −0.07 | 0.9453 | ||||||
| DUSOCS | ||||||||||
| Social support | 11.1 (5–18) | 11.7 (5–20) | −0.722 | 0.473 | 13.5 (9–18) | 12.1 (5–20) | 1.498 | 0.138 | ||
| Social stress | 2.2 (0–8) | 2.9 (0–7) | −1.579 | 0.118 | 1.7 (0–5) | 1.7 (0–10) | −0.114 | 0.910 | ||
| Coping self-efficacy | ||||||||||
| Problem focused | 52.9 (34–70) | 49.9 (17–70) | 1.01 | 0.315 | 54.8 (0–32) | 52.2 (4–70) | 0.82 | 0.4148 | ||
| Emotion focused | 24.4 (8–40) | 22.7 (0–40) | 0.7 | 0.4837 | 29.6 (7–40) | 29.4 (4–40) | 0.28 | 0.7829 | ||
| Social support | 20.6 (11–30) | 19.9 (2–30) | 0.48 | 0.6297 | 25.0 (14–30) | 21.8 (0–30) | 1.99 | 0.0496 | ||
| Total | 91.9 (60–130) | 87.0 (25–130) | 0.87 | 0.3864 | 102.4 (54–130) | 96.0 (20–130) | 1.11 | 0.2691 | ||
| CASE | ||||||||||
| Participate in care | 13.4 (10–16) | 13.5 (9–16) | −0.21 | 0.8358 | 14.8 (11–16) | 13.6 (10–16) | 1.56 | 0.123 | ||
| Positive attitude | 12.8 (9–16) | 11.8 (4–16) | 1.69 | 0.0956 | 13.5 (11–16) | 13.0 (4–16) | 1.03 | 0.3052 | ||
| Seek information | 13.7 (12–16) | 13.7 (8–16) | 0.08 | 0.9365 | 14.0 (10–16) | 13.2 (7–16) | 1.59 | 0.1146 | ||
| Preparedness-Family Care Inventory | 21.3 (10–31) | 21.4 (5–32) | −0.05 | 0.9606 | ||||||
| Couples Satisfaction Index | 20.2 (13–24) | 20.6 (13–24) | 0.139 | 0.617 | 21.3 (17–24) | 19.16 (7–24) | 7.872 | 0.022 | ||