Table 1.

Characteristics of the selected studies

Article	Subjects	Skill	Comparison	Outcome	Measure	Result
Brinkman et al 30	18 vs 18	Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a pig model	BT versus VR trainer	Performance score	GOALS five custom items	BT better than VR
Denadai et al 31	12 vs 12	Simple interrupted sutures and subdermal interrupted sutures	Synthetic versus animal bench model	Performance score Efficiency	Global Rating Scale Mean number of stitches in given time	No significant difference
Hassan et al 36	15 vs 15	Laparoscopic psychomotor skill	BT versus VR	Time	Seconds	VR better than BT
Kanumuri et al 37	8 vs 8	Laparoscopic suturing and knot tying	Computer enhanced versus VR	Time	Seconds	No significant difference
Kotari et al 200238	11 vs 13	Laparoscopic psychomotor skill	Pelvic trainer versus VR	Time	Seconds	No significant difference
Lehmann et al 39	12 vs 12	Laparoscopic psychomotor skill	Conventional video trainer versus VR	Time	Seconds	No significant difference
Lin et al 40	40 vs 20	Laparoscopic suturing and knot tying	Direct vision training versus video-based training	Time	Seconds	Video-based better than BT
Madan and Frantzides34	14 vs 17	Laparoscopic psychomotor skill	Conventional video trainer versus VR	Performance score Time	Custom metrics Seconds	No significant difference
Nemani et al 32	6 vs 7	Laparoscopic pattern cutting task	Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (BT) versus Virtual Basic Laparoscopic Skills Trainer (VR)	Performance score Time	Custom metrics Seconds	No significant difference
Tanoue et al 33	20 vs 20	Laparoscopic psychomotor skill Suturing and knot tying	BT versus Procedicus MIST (VR)	Efficiency* Time	Errors Movements Seconds	BT better than VR
Van Bruwaene et al 35	21 vs 21	Laparoscopic suturing	BT versus VR	Time	Seconds	BT better than VR
Youngblood et al 41	17 vs 16	Three laparoscopic tasks in a pig model	Tower Trainer (BT) versus LapSim (VR)	Performance score Time	Custom global score Seconds	VR better than BT

BT, box trainer; VR, virtual reality.