Table 2.

Outline of the skill categories and elements included in the Medical Students’ Non-Technical Skills system

Skill category	Skill element	Description
Situation awareness	Gathering information	Seeking information about patient’s condition, background and wishes from any available sources
	Recognising and understanding information	Collating information to develop an overall picture of the patient’s current situation
	Planning, preparing and anticipating	Anticipating consequences of actions and predicting potential outcomes
Decision making and prioritisation	Prioritising	Deciding priorities of assessment, investigation and management
	Recognising and dealing with uncertainty	Considering differential diagnoses and acknowledging diagnostic uncertainty
	Reviewing decisions	Reassessment of the patient in light of decisions made and actions taken
Teamwork and communication	Establishing a shared mental model	Communicating to facilitate a shared understanding between team members
	Demonstrating active followership	Proactive support of the leader and participation in team activities
	Patient involvement	Inclusion of the patient and/or their relatives within the team
Self-awareness	Role awareness	Understanding of role and responsibilities
	Coping with stress	Minimising the impact of stress on the ability to perform effectively
	Speaking up	Communicating concerns regarding patient safety
Escalating care	Situation awareness	Escalating care using skills related to situation awareness
	Decision making and prioritisation	Escalating care using skills related to decision making and prioritisation
	Teamwork and communication	Escalating care using skills related to teamwork and communication
	Self-awareness	Escalating care using skills related to self-awareness