Fig. 4.

Convergence at erythropoietic response and cardiovascular system. a Genes that were mined from high-altitude studies that have been involved in erythropoiesis. There is regulation at multiple time points of erythroid maturation and differentiation by various genes shown in the figure. The genes found in various populations are color-coded. Blue—Tibetan, red—Andean, orange—genes found in both Andean and Tibetan, and purple—Ethiopian population. b Cardiovascular homeostasis at HA primarily depends on the vasoconstriction and vasodilation response to hypoxia. Important genes from RAAS (ACE, AGT, and AGTR1), endothelin pathway (EDN1, EDNRA, and EDNRB), and the three NOS isoforms (NOS1, NOS2, and NOS3) involved in NO signaling pathway are all reported in different HA population studies