Skip to main content
. 2021 Dec 3;66(3):312–322. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0313OC

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Exogenous IL-1β exacerbates IL-33–mediated RSV immunopathogenesis during early life. (A) Lung sections stained with periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) to observe mucus (bright purple; indicated by black arrowheads). Images were taken at 40×. (B) Quantification of airway mucus in experimental mice. **P < 0.01. (C) Airway resistance in response to increasing doses of inhaled methacholine (MeCh; n = 4–6 per group). The peak airway resistance values in response to increasing doses of inhaled methacholine were measured and normalized as deviation from baseline. *P < 0.05 compared between two indicated groups at the 50 mg/ml dose of methacholine. Data are representative of at least two independent experiments (mean ± SEM). (D and E) Quantification of pulmonary ILC2 cells, including frequencies of pulmonary ILC2 in total pulmonary leukocyte population (D) and the absolute number of ILC2 cells in the lungs (E). *P < 0.05. Data are representative of at least two independent experiments (mean ± SEM). (F) Clusters of T-cytotoxic cell type I (Tc1), (Tc2), Th1, and Th2 from flow cytometry analysis, gated on total CD3+ T cells and visualized by t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) and assigned specific colors (left panel), the abundance of these clusters in lungs of NRR + IL-1β mice (middle panel), and NRR + Veh mice (right panel). (G) The frequencies of Tc1, Tc2, Th1, and Th2 population in lungs for experimental mice. The intracellular cytokine production of T cells following stimulation with PMA + ionomycin were detected by flow cytometry. The dots on the left panel indicate the positive (dark gray dots) and negative (light gray dots) detection of corresponding cytokines. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01, compared between NRR + IL-1β and NRR + Veh group for each respective population (one-way ANOVA with Sidak multiple comparisons test). Data are representative of at least two independent experiments (mean ± SEM). (H and I) Th2/Th1 (H) and Tc2/Tc1 (I) ratio compared between NRR + IL-1β and NRR + Veh group. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01. Data are representative of at least two independent experiments (mean ± SEM). ILC2 = type 2 innate lymphoid cells; NRR = mice infected with RSV as neonates and reinfected 4 weeks later; NSS = mice sham infected as neonates and sham reinfected 4 weeks later.