Table 3.
Healthcare resource use outcomes reported in studies included in the scoping review.
| Study Authors, Year | Outcomes | PACE | Comparison 1 | Comparison 2 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nadash, 2004 | PACE | MMLTC Plan | |||
| HCBS utilization per member per month i | |||||
| Nursing | 8.42 | 2.20 | <0.0001 | ||
| Nurse practitioner | 0.93 | 0.05 | <0.0001 | ||
| Social work | 2.79 | 0.37 | <0.0001 | ||
| Ancillary therapists | 6.43 | 0.73 | <0.0001 | ||
| Home-delivered services utilization per member per month i | |||||
| Nursing | 1.16 | 2.20 | <0.0001 | ||
| Nurse practitioner | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.0054 | ||
| Social work | 0.35 | 0.37 | <0.0001 | ||
| Ancillary therapists | 0.24 | 0.73 | <0.0001 | ||
| Adult day center visits per member per month i | 11.38 | 0.23 | <0.0001 | ||
| Hospital users i, % | 33.7 | 35.2 | 0.0362 | ||
| Proportion of days in hospitals i | 1.0 | 2.0 | <0.0001 | ||
| Mean LOS in hospitals i (days) | 5.9 | 9.5 | <0.0001 | ||
| Nursing home users i, % | 21.0 | 5.7 | <0.0001 | ||
| Proportion of days in nursing homes i | 4.5 | 0.9 | <0.0001 | ||
| Mean LOS in nursing homes i (days) | 44.2 | 37.2 | ns | ||
| Nadash, 2013 | PACE | VCP | |||
| Hospital users i, % | 20.3 | 33.1 | <0.0001 | ||
| Proportion of days in hospitals i | 0.6 | 2.3 | <0.0001 | ||
| Mean LOS in hospitals i (days) | 5.8 | 9.7 | <0.0001 | ||
| Nursing home users i, % | 13.3 | 7.2 | <0.0001 | ||
| Proportion of days in nursing homes i | 2.3 | 1.3 | <0.0001 | ||
| Mean LOS in nursing homes i (days) | 36.4 | 42.8 | 0.2767 | ||
| Patients discharged ii, % | 13.26 | 13.98 | 0.5915 | ||
| Weaver et al., 2008 | PACE | VA-Sole | VA+PACE | ||
| Patients with inpatient admissions, % i | 35 | 49 | 41 | ||
| Inpatient admissions/patient, mean ± SD i | 0.56 ± 3.0 | 1.12 ± 5.3 | 0.68 ± 3.1 | NR | |
| Total inpatient days/patient, mean ± SD i | 2.07 ± 14.7 | 8.55 ± 57.9 | 2.59 ± 15.0 | NR | |
| Patients with nursing home admissions, % i | 38 | 26 | 40 | NR | |
| Total nursing home admissions, mean ± SD i | 0.59 ± 2.9 | 0.41 ± 2.8 | 0.87 ± 3.9 | NR | |
| Nursing home days/patient, mean ± SD i | 12.56 ± 127.9 | 10.96 ± 124.6 | 25.1 ± 09.3 | NR | |
| Patients with outpatient clinic visits, % i | 100 | 97 | 100 | NR | |
| Outpatient clinic visit/patient, mean ± SD i | 39.48 ± 74.8 | 23.45 ± 45.6 | 39.17 ± 5.4 | NR | |
| Patients with home care visits, % i | 93 | 42 | 91 | NR | |
| Number of home care visits/patient, mean ± SD i | 7.70 ± 21.9 | 16.46 ± 108.7 | 8.15 ± 25.9 | NR | |
| Patients with adult day healthcare use, % i | 100 | 54 | 100 | NR | |
| Adult day healthcare visits/patient, days, mean ± SD i | 165.87 ± 220.7 | 14.41 ± 95.4 | 120.5 ± 227.1 | NR |
PACE = Program of All-inclusive Care for the Elderly. MMLTC = Medicaid-only-managed long-term care. HCBS = home- and community-based services. LOS = Length of stay. VCP = Visiting Nurse Service (VNS) Choice Program. VA-Sole = Veteran’s Affairs as sole provider. VA+PACE = Veteran’s Affairs partnership with PACE. SD = standard deviation. ns = nonsignificant. NR = not reported. Ancillary therapists include occupational, physical, and speech therapists. i 12 months utilization (visits) post-enrollment. ii 18 months post-enrollment.