Table 1.
Study activity and instruments.
| Study activity and measures | Preintervention | Intervention | Postintervention, week 16 | ||||||
|
|
Before 4 weeks to before 1 week |
Baseline (enrollment) |
Preparation time | Week 0 | Week 4 | Week 8 | Week 12 |
|
|
| Study activity | |||||||||
|
|
Screening for eligibility | ✓ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Release of information |
|
✓ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Randomization |
|
|
✓ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Device feature setting and preparation |
|
|
✓ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acquiring permission to change pharmacy and ordering medication |
|
|
✓ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Device and medication distribution |
|
|
|
✓ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Assigning social network designee |
|
✓ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Phlebotomy |
|
✓ |
|
|
|
|
✓ |
|
|
|
Weekly smartphone survey (conducted weekly) |
|
|
|
|
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Demographic and social information | |||||||||
|
|
Demographics |
|
✓ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Social circumstances |
|
✓ |
|
|
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
|
|
Health care status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Health literacy [52] |
|
✓ |
|
|
|
|
|
✓ |
|
|
Social support [52] |
|
✓ |
|
|
|
|
|
✓ |
|
|
Trust in physician [52] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mental health and risk factors | |||||||||
|
|
BINIa |
|
✓ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Depression (CES-Db) [53] |
|
✓ |
|
|
|
|
|
✓ |
|
|
AUDIT-Cc [54] |
|
✓ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cocaine use disorder [55] |
|
✓ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Substance use disorder |
|
✓ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ASI-Lited to assess cocaine use, polysubstance use, and severity [56,57] |
|
✓ |
|
|
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
|
|
Timeline follow back [58] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
LifeWindows (LW-IMB-AAQe) questionnaire to measure the information, motivation, and behavioral constructs of adherence [59,60] |
|
✓ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adherence | |||||||||
|
|
Visual analog scale [61,62] |
|
✓ |
|
|
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
|
|
Wilson adherence scale [63] |
|
✓ |
|
|
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
|
|
Barriers to taking medication |
|
✓ |
|
|
|
|
✓ |
|
| Technology perceptions | |||||||||
|
|
Technology acceptance [64] |
|
✓ |
|
|
✓ |
|
✓ |
|
|
|
Credibility of SMS text message source [65] |
|
|
|
|
✓ |
|
✓ |
|
|
|
Attitudes toward text and study |
|
|
|
|
|
|
✓ |
|
|
|
Geolocation and social network | ||||||||
|
|
Activity space |
|
|
|
|
✓ |
|
✓ |
|
|
|
Social network |
|
|
|
|
✓ |
|
✓ |
|
|
|
Social network designee |
|
✓ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Smartphone survey |
|
|
|
|
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
|
|
Phone call history |
|
|
|
|
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Payments (US $) | |||||||||
|
|
Research interviews | N/Af | 30 | N/A | N/A | 30 | 20 | 30 | 20 |
|
|
Return of the devices (smartphone and pillbox) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 90 |
|
|
Weekly smartphone surveys | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 80 |
|
|
Incentive to social network designee | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 20 |
aBINI: Brief Inventory of Neurocognitive Impairment.
bCES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression.
cAUDIT-C: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–Concise.
dASI-Lite: Addiction Severity Index–Lite.
eLW-IMB-AAQ: Life Windows Information Motivation Behavioral skills ART Adherence Questionnaire.
fN/A: not applicable.