Table 1.

Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.

Author	Year	(Mean) age	Population Type	Risk Factors	NSSI definition	Interview v. Self-Report	period	NOS
Andrews et al.32	2013	12 to 18	School	Female, Birth Outside of Australia, No Religious or Spiritual, Psychological Distress	NSSI	Self-report	/	7
Baiden et al.33	2017	12 to 18	School	Female, Number of Children Abuse, Bullying Victimization, Depression	NSSI	Self-report	/	6
Bandel et al.34	2018	13 to 17	Community	Depressive Symptoms, Insomnia Symptoms (SCI)	NSSI	Self-report	Past 6 months	6
Cox et al.35	2012	M = 13.7 (3.9)	Community	Diagnosis of Major Depression, Current Suicidal Ideation	NSSI	Interview and Questionnaire	/	8
Giletta et al.36	2011	14 to 19	School	Depressive Symptoms, Family Loneliness, Peer Victimization, Smoking, Marijuana Use	NSSI	Self-report	1 year (I/N), 6 months (The US)	5
Gromatsky et al.37	2019	13 to 15	Community	Parental Substance Abuse, Avoidance	NSSI	Self-report	Lifetime	5
Jeong et al.38	2021	12 to 17	School	Female, Middle School, Gaming Disorder, Lower Economic Status	NSSI	Self-report	Past 12 Months	6
Khoubaeva et al.39	2021	13 to 30	Hospital	Sex, BD-II/-NOS Subtype, Higher Most Severe Lifetime Depression Scores, Greater Emotion Dysregulation	NSSI	Interview	/	5
Lanzillo et al.40	2021	12 to 17	Hospital	Any Form of Cyberbullying	NSSI	Self-report	/	5
Larsson et al.41	2008	13.7 to 17	Community	Function Impairment Due to Somatic Handicap, Friend Had Attempted Suicide, Smoking, Sex, High MFQ Score	Self-harm	Self-report	Past 12 months	6
Lauw et al.42	2018	13 to 19	Hospital	Female Gender, Depressive Disorders, Alcohol Use, Forensic History	More frequent NSSI	Self-report	/	5
Li et al.14	2019	M = 15.36 (1.79)	School	Low HL, Problem Mobile Phone Use (PMPU)	NSSI	Self-report	Previous 12 months	5
Liu et al.43	2016	11 to 18	School	Frequent Nightmares, Poor Sleep Quality	NSSI	Self-report	Past 12 months	6
Monto et al.44	2018	14 to 18	School	Sad 2 weeks, Suicide Attempt, Forced to Have Sex, Electronically Bullied	NSSI	Self-report	Past 12 months	5
Nemati et al.45	2020	15 to 18	School	Psychological Functioning of The Family, Perceived Social Support	NSSI	Self-report	/	6
Stewart et al.46	2014	14 to 18	Hospital	Female, 3 or More Psychiatric Admissions, Sexual Abuse, Intentional Misuse of Prescription Medications, Alcohol, Mood disorder, Adjustment Disorder, Personality Disorders	NSSI	Self-report	Last 12 months	5
Taliaferro et al.47	2018	14 to 17	School	Mental Health Problem, Positive Screen for Depression, Teasing Victim, Run Away from Home, Alcohol Use	Only NSSI (one or more times in the past year)	Self-report	Past 12 months	5
Tang et al.48	2020	11 to 20	School	Internet Addiction	More frequent NSSI	Self-report	12 months	6
Tsai et al.49	2011	9 to 12 grades	School	Female, Running Away from Home, Suicide Attempts, History of Sexual Abuse, Drinking	DSH	Self-report	/	7
Unlu et al.50	2016	12 to 18	Community	Revictimization, Alcohol/Substance Use	NSSI	Standard Assessment	/	5
Victor et al.51	2019	14 to 17	Community	Depression Severity, Low Social Self-Worth, Peer Victimization	NSSI	Self-report	Past 12 months	7
Wan et al.52	2018	10 to 20	School	High ACEs Scores, Low Social Support	NSSI	Self-report	12 months	6
Wang et al.53	2020	M = 14.59 (1.45)	School	Weekdays internet Use≥2 h, Mobile Phone Use 1–2 h, Weekends internet Use≥3 h, Mobile Phone Use≥4 h	NSSI	Self-report	Lifetime/Last-year	7
Xie et al.54	2021	10 to 20	School	Opioid Misuse, Sedative Misuse	NSSI	Self-report	Past 12 months	5
Zhang et al.55	2016	11 to 19	School	Psychological Symptoms, Low HL	NSSI	Self-report	Past 12 months	7

Note: HL, health literacy; MFQ, The Mood and Feelings Questionnaire; ACEs, adverse childhood experiences; BD bipolar disorder.