Table 1. Association of Tourette Syndrome or Chronic Tic Disorder With Violent Assault and Criminal Convictions.
| Outcome | People with Tourette syndrome or chronic tic disorder, No. (%)a | Rate per 10 000 person-yearsb | Unaffected general population, No. (%)c | Rate per 10 000 person-yearsb | Sex- and birth year–adjusted HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Violent assault | |||||
| Any | 401 (5.2) | 28.3 | 254 805 (1.8) | 8.0 | 2.21 (2.00-2.43) |
| Men | 309 (5.2) | 28.3 | 146 000 (2.1) | 9.2 | 1.90 (1.70-2.12) |
| Women | 92 (5.0) | 28.4 | 108 805 (1.6) | 6.7 | 2.98 (2.43-3.66) |
| Sexual | 59 (0.8) | 4.0 | 45 594 (0.3) | 1.4 | 2.79 (2.16-3.60) |
| Men | 16 (0.3) | 1.4 | 16 206 (0.2) | 1.0 | 3.10 (1.90-5.07) |
| Women | 43 (2.3) | 11.5 | 29 388 (0.4) | 1.7 | 4.40 (3.26-5.94) |
| Nonsexuald | 354 (4.5) | 24.3 | 214 187 (1.6) | 6.6 | 2.14 (1.93-2.38) |
| Men | 296 (5.0) | 26.9 | 131 179 (1.9) | 8.2 | 1.88 (1.68-2.11) |
| Women | 58 (3.1) | 16.9 | 83 008 (1.2) | 5.0 | 2.57 (1.99-3.32) |
| Conviction for criminal offense | |||||
| Violente | 769 (13.1) | 234.5 | 322 720 (2.6) | 21.6 | 3.13 (2.92-3.36) |
| Men | 691 (15.7) | 310.5 | 284 990 (5.0) | 40.2 | 3.04 (2.82-3.28) |
| Women | 78 (5.3) | 64.0 | 37 730 (0.6) | 3.6 | 5.77 (4.62-7.21) |
| Nonviolent | |||||
| Any | 1532 (26.1) | 925.4 | 1 757 905 (14.3) | 178.5 | 1.62 (1.54-1.71) |
| Men | 1305 (29.7) | 1178.1 | 1 341 662 (21.6) | 308.2 | 1.61 (1.53-1.71) |
| Women | 227 (15.4) | 358.9 | 416 243 (6.8) | 53.3 | 2.08 (1.82-2.37) |
| Alcohol- or drug-related | 595 (10.1) | 242.1 | 436 651 (3.5) | 35.2 | 2.10 (1.94-2.27) |
| Men | 532 (12.1) | 310.9 | 381 178 (6.1) | 64.0 | 2.03 (1.86-2.21) |
| Women | 63 (4.3) | 88.1 | 55 473 (0.9) | 7.5 | 3.81 (2.97-4.88) |
| Traffic crime | 557 (9.5) | 176.4 | 769 370 (6.2) | 50.2 | 1.45 (1.34-1.58) |
| Men | 515 (11.7) | 239.2 | 654 386 (10.6) | 91.2 | 1.39 (1.28-1.52) |
| Women | 42 (2.9) | 35.5 | 114 984 (1.9) | 10.6 | 1.88 (1.39-2.54) |
| Property crime | 753 (12.8) | 301.8 | 567 003 (4.6) | 47.8 | 2.06 (1.92-2.21) |
| Men | 613 (13.9) | 364.9 | 381 366 (6.2) | 74.8 | 2.13 (1.97-2.31) |
| Women | 140 (9.5) | 160.3 | 185 637 (3.0) | 21.7 | 2.33 (1.98-2.75) |
| Otherf | 964 (16.4) | 371.7 | 885 987 (7.2) | 65.6 | 2.00 (1.87-2.13) |
| Men | 863 (19.6) | 486.4 | 727 099 (11.7) | 116.5 | 1.96 (1.83-2.10) |
| Women | 101 (6.9) | 114.6 | 158 888 (2.6) | 16.6 | 2.52 (2.07-3.06) |
Abbreviation: HR, hazard ratio.
Violent assault outcomes: n = 7791; conviction outcomes: n = 5876. People with follow-up ending before age 15 years were excluded from conviction analyses.
Assault outcomes: n = 13 811 493; conviction outcomes: n = 12 333 904. People with follow-up ending before age 15 years were excluded from conviction analyses.
The rate was calculated based on the total number of assaults/convictions for the entire follow-up period (where follow-up ended on emigration, December 31, 2013, or death), ie, accounting for repeated assault/offending for each individual. To avoid double counting the same event, hospital/outpatient visit for assault was included only if the elapsed time between 2 consecutive visits was at least 1 year.
Excluding sexual assault.
Including sexual crime convictions.
Other nonviolent crime, eg, fraud, embezzlement, vandalism, and crimes against public activity or order.