Table 3. Association of Tourette Syndrome or Chronic Tic Disorder With Violent Assault and Criminal Convictions Within Siblings.

Outcomea	Sex- and birth year–adjusted HR (95% CI)
	Between-individual	Within-siblings
Any assault	2.21 (2.00-2.43)	1.32 (1.08-1.61)
Crime conviction
Violent	3.13 (2.92-3.36)	2.23 (1.86-2.67)
Any nonviolent	1.62 (1.54-1.71)	1.34 (1.20-1.50)
Alcohol- or drug-related	2.10 (1.94-2.27)	1.62 (1.34-1.96)
Traffic	1.45 (1.34-1.58)	1.46 (1.22-1.75)
Property	2.06 (1.92-2.21)	1.48 (1.28-1.71)
Other nonviolentb	2.00 (1.87-2.13)	1.56 (1.35-1.80)

Abbreviation: HR, hazard ratio.

^a Assault outcomes: families, n = 2 619 160; individuals with Tourette syndrome or chronic tic disorder, n = 5369; unaffected, n = 6 594 830. Conviction outcomes: families, n = 2 138 574; individuals with Tourette syndrome or chronic tic disorder, n = 3732; unaffected, n = 5 435 939.

^b Other nonviolent crime, eg, fraud, embezzlement, vandalism, and crimes against public activity or order.