Table 5.
Results from linear mixed models applied to Suppressive Expression Task outcomes, comparing experienced non-pathological poker gamblers (EG) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 60)
| Estimate | Standard deviation | Confidence interval | p-value | |
| EMG Corrugator ratio score | ||||
| Group (HC group = ref) | 2.75 | 5.90 | [–9.07; 14.56] | 0.643 |
| Film type (neutral = ref) Poker-related Negative Positive |
–0.76 1.68 3.79 |
4.85 4.85 4.86 |
[–10.30; 8.78] [–7.86; 11.23] [–5.77; 13.35] |
0.876 0.729 0.436 |
| Interaction group x film type Group x Poker-related Group x Negative Group x Positive |
–7.21 3.58 –8.52 |
6.73 6.73 6.77 |
[–20.45; 6.03] [–9.65; 16.82] [–21.84; 4.79] |
0.285 0.595 0.209 |
| EMG Zygomaticus ratio score | ||||
| Group (HC group = ref) | –1.04 | 13.25 | [–27.59; 25.51] | 0.938 |
| Film type (neutral = ref) Poker-related Negative Positive |
–0.84 2.54 60.35 |
12.87 12.88 12.87 |
[–26.15; 24.48] [–22.78; 27.86] [35.05; 85.66] |
0.948 0.844 <0.001 |
| Interaction group x film type Group x Poker-related Group x Negative Group x Positive |
9.66 –3.24 –35.44 |
17.96 17.96 18.08 |
[–25.66; 44.98] [–38.56; 32.08] [–70.99; 0.11] |
0.591 0.857 0.051 |
| IBI change score | ||||
| Group (HC group = ref) | 2.03 | 5.52 | [–18.95; 23.00] | 0.847 |
| Film type (neutral = ref) Poker-related Negative Positive |
21.72 32.11 27.22 |
7.19 7.19 7.24 |
[1.17; 42.28] [11.55; 52.67] [6.66; 47.77] |
0.038 0.002 0.010 |
| Interaction group x film type Group x Poker-related Group x Negative Group x Positive |
–4.69 –19.51 1.75 |
14.41 14.41 14.50 |
[–33.02; 23.64] [–47.85; 8.83] [–26.77; 30.28] |
0.745 0.177 0.904 |
| SCR amplitude change score | ||||
| Group (HC group = ref) | 0.14 | 0.16 | [–0.19; 0.46] | 0.410 |
| Film type (neutral = ref) Poker-related Negative Positive |
0.23 0.30 0.30 |
0.14 0.14 0.14 |
[–0.04; 0.50] [0.03; 0.57] [0.03; 0.56] |
0.094 0.030 0.031 |
| Interaction group x film type Group x Poker-related Group x Negative Group x Positive |
–0.08 –0.42 –0.35 |
0.03 0.06 0.19 |
[–0.46; 0.29] [–0.80; –0.05] [–0.72; 0.03] |
0.673 0.027 0.070 |
| Cardiovascular activation change score | ||||
| Group (HC group = ref) | 0.42 | 0.35 | [–0.29; 1.12] | 0.242 |
| Film type (neutral = ref) Poker-related Negative Positive |
–0.18 0.34 –0.11 |
0.29 0.29 0.29 |
[–0.74; 0.39] [–0.24; 0.91] [–0.67; 0.45] |
0.544 0.250 0.689 |
| Interaction group x film type Group x Poker-related Group x Negative Group x Positive |
–0.31 –0.34 0.02 |
0.41 0.41 0.41 |
[–1.13; 0.50] [–1.16; 0.48] [–0.79; 0.84] |
0.452 0.413 0.953 |
| Respiratory activation change score | ||||
| Group (HC group = ref) | 0.13 | 0.40 | [–0.68; 0.93] | 0.751 |
| Film type (neutral = ref) Poker-related Negative Positive |
0.10 –0.19 –0.07 |
0.25 0.17 0.17 |
[–0.40; 0.59] [–0.56; 0.45] [–0.57; 0.27] |
0.704 0.840 0.768 |
| Interaction group x film type Group x Poker-related Group x Negative Group x Positive |
–0.35 –0.25 0.01 |
0.34 0.34 0.34 |
[–1.02; 0.32] [–0.92; 0.43] [–0.66; 0.69] |
0.307 0.470 0.970 |
| Difficulty to suppress emotions | ||||
| Group (HC group = ref) | –0.07 | 0.32 | [–0.71; 0.58] | 0.838 |
| Film type (neutral = ref) Poker-related Negative Positive |
0.52 1.95 2.64 |
0.27 0.27 0.27 |
[–0.00; 1.03] [1.43; 2.47] [2.12; 3.16] |
0.052 <0.001 <0.001 |
| Interaction group x film type Group x Poker-related Group x Negative Group x Positive |
1.12 –0.18 –0.10 |
0.37 0.37 0.37 |
[0.38; 1.85] [–0.91; 0.55] [–0.84; 0.63] |
0.003 0.626 0.779 |
| DES+ change score | ||||
| Group (HC group = ref) | 0.85 | 0.29 | [0.27; 1.42] | 0.005 |
| Film type (neutral = ref) Poker-related Negative Positive |
0.08 –0.57 1.16 |
0.15 0.15 0.15 |
[–0.23; 0.38] [–0.87; –0.27] [0.86; 1.46] |
0.621 <0.001 <0.001 |
| Interaction group x film type Group x Poker-related Group x Negative Group x Positive |
0.57 –0.69 –0.46 |
0.22 0.22 0.22 |
[0.15; 0.99] [–1.11; –0.27] [–0.88; –0.04] |
0.008 0.001 0.034 |
| DES- change score | ||||
| Group (HC group = ref) | –0.11 | 0.15 | [–0.41; 0.19] | 0.471 |
| Film type (neutral = ref) Poker-related Negative Positive |
0.05 1.57 0.27 |
0.12 0.12 0.12 |
[–0.19; 0.29] [1.33; 1.81] [0.03; 0.50] |
0.671 <0.001 0.030 |
| Interaction group x film type Group x Poker-related Group x Negative Group x Positive |
–0.01 –0.04 –0.02 |
0.17 0.17 0.17 |
[–0.34; 0.32] [–0.37; 0.30] [–0.35; 0.32] |
0.963 0.835 0.920 |
Significant confounding factors (educational level, MMSE score) were entered as covariates.