Table 1.
Characteristics of Cases and Controls at the Time of Sample Collectiona
| Characteristic | No. (%) or Mean (SD) | |
|---|---|---|
| Stroke Cases (n=42) | Controls (n=83) | |
| Matching variable | ||
| ART regimen type | ||
| PI | 19 (45.2) | 38 (45.8) |
| NNRTI | 13 (31.0) | 28 (33.7) |
| NNRTI/PI | 4 (9.5) | 6 (7.2) |
| INSTI/NNRTI/PI | 3 (7.1) | 5 (6.0) |
| NRTI | 1 (2.4) | 2 (2.4) |
| None | 2 (4.8) | 4 (4.8) |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||
| Male sexb,c | 32 (76.2) | 65 (78.3) |
| Age at specimen collection, yb,c | 51.8 (11.0) | 45.3 (9.4) |
| Raceb,c | ||
| White | 9 (21.4) | 31 (37.4) |
| Black | 28 (66.7) | 44 (53.0) |
| Hispanic | 4 (9.5) | 8 (9.6) |
| Other | 1 (2.4) | 0 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||
| Diabetes historyb | 12 (28.6) | 8 (9.6) |
| Hypertension historyb | 23 (54.8) | 26 (31.3) |
| Systolic blood pressureb | 130 (22) | 125 (14) |
| Tobacco useb | 17 (40.5) | 21 (25.3) |
| Laboratory values | ||
| Hemoglobinc | 12.7 (2.1) | 14.1 (1.9) |
| Plateletsc | 253 (131) | 234 (64) |
| Creatininec | 1.1 (0.5) | 1.4 (1.8) |
| Alanine aminotransaminasec | 45.5 (53.7) | 46.3 (35.0) |
| Aspartate aminotransferasec | 42.6 (43.8) | 41.8 (32.1) |
| Total cholesterolb | 183.0 (62.6) | 177.9 (43.5) |
| High-density lipoproteinb | 49.3 (17.7) | 48.9 (15.6) |
| Hepatitis C infection statusc | 17 (40.5) | 33 (39.8) |
| HIV-related characteristics | ||
| Years on ART | 6.7 (5.5) | 7.2 (5.9) |
| Log10 HIV viral load, IU/mLc | 2.3 (1.3) | 1.8 (0.8) |
| Log10 peak HIV viral load, IU/mL | 4.9 (1.1) | 4.6 (1.1) |
| CD4 count, cells/μLc | 418 (332) | 516 (305) |
| Nadir CD4, cells/μL | 122 (132) | 192 (164) |
| Viral suppression (<400 copies/mL) | 32 (76.2) | 73 (88.0) |
| Composite risk scores | ||
| ASCVD score | 0.14 (0.10) | 0.06 (0.07) |
| VACS score | 41.3 (21.5) | 22.0 (19.5) |
| Biomarkers | Median (IQR) | |
| Angiopoietin-1, ng/mL | 3.5 (1.7–7.9) | 4.2 (1.8–7.9) |
| Angiopoietin-2, ng/mL | 13.8 (8.9–19.6) | 9.6 (6.9–14.5) |
| C-reactive protein, mcg/mL | 2.7 (0.7–9.3) | 1.6 (0.5–5.7) |
| Interleukin-6, pg/mL | 1.1 (0.6–2.1) | 0.6 (0.4–1.5) |
| Plasma activation inhibitor–1, mcg/mL | 0.7 (0.2–1.0) | 0.7 (0.4–1.0) |
| P-selectin, ng/mL | 47.9 (31.8–60.1) | 44.1 (28.6–58.3) |
| Soluble ICAM-1, mcg/mL | 0.3 (0.3–0.4) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) |
| Soluble VCAM-1, mcg/mL | 0.3 (0.3–0.5) | 0.3 (0.3–0.5) |
| Serum amyloid A, mcg/mL | 4.2 (1.7–12.7) | 2.6 (1.4–5.3) |
| Soluble CD14, mcg/mL | 2.4 (1.8–3.0) | 2.1 (1.8–2.7) |
| Apolipoprotein A1, mcg/mL | 0.09 (0.07–0.13) | 0.10 (0.07–0.14) |
| ADAMTS-13, ng/mL | 0.15 (0.10–0.20) | 0.14 (0.11–0.17) |
| Von Willebrand factor, ng/mL | 18.0 (12.6–25.5) | 14.4 (9.5–19.9) |
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; ASCVD, Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease score; CD4, cluster of differentiation 4; CNICS, CFAR Network of Integrated Clinical Systems; INSTI, integrase strand transfer inhibitor; IQR, interquartile range; NNRTI, non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor; VACS, Veterans Aging Cohort Study.
Missing values were imputed using multiple imputation with chained equations. Imputation included all Table 1 variables, in addition to CNICS site, alcohol use, marijuana use, illicit drug use, coronary artery disease, heart failure, warfarin use, statin use, dyslipidemia, body mass index, glomerular filtration rate, and triglycerides.
ASCVD score component.
VACS score component.