Table 4. Summary of the major studies regarding clinical manifestations and laboratory alteration in patients with acute kidney and COVID-19.
| Author | N | Design | Age (years) | Comorbidities | Major finding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thakkar et al. 2020 | 300 | Retrospective | AKI: 60 (26-97) Non-AKI: 52 (30-89) |
AKI: HTN (69%) DM (448%) Non-AKI: HTN (54%) DM (30%) |
1.Admission laboratory data (Survivors x non-survivors):
-Creatinine (1.1 vs. 1.3, p=0.041); Hemoglobin (13.0 vs. 13.6, p=0.025).. 2. Peak laboratory values: -Creatinine (3.8 vs. 6.2, p=0.007); Phosphate (7.1 vs. 8.3, p=0.050); Lactate (2.6 vs. 3.4, p<0.01); Procalcitonin (2.6 vs. 6.0, p=0.013); CRP (23.4 vs. 33.8, p=0.001). |
| Fisher et al. 2020 | 3.345 | Retrospective | 64.4 (SD 16.4) |
DM (27.1%) CKD (12.2%) |
1.Clinical manifestations:
(AKI vs. non-AKI) -Respiratory rate, breaths/min (22.3 vs. 20.6, p<0.001); pulse oximetry (91.7 vs. 94.3%, p<0.001). 2. Initial laboratory data: -WBC (9.3 vs. 7.8, p<0.001); Neutrophil (7.3 vs. 5.8, p<0.001); neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (6.6 vs. 4.7, p<0.001); procalcitonin (0.4 vs. 0.2, p<0.001); fibrinogen (659.1 vs. 631.8, p=0.002); CRP (13.2 vs. 7.3, p<0.001); D-dimer (2.2 vs. 1.1, p<0.001); LDH (458 vs. 350, p<0.001); Ferritin (911 vs. 610, p<0.001). |
| Chan et al. 2020 | 3.993 | Retrospective | 64.0 (56.0-78.0) |
HTN (38%) DM (26%) CKD (11%) CHF (10%) |
1. Clinical manifestations:
(AKI vs. non-AKI) -Temperature (36.9 vs. 37.0); Diastolic BP (125 vs. 124); Heart rate (87 vs. 87); Respiratory rate (20 vs. 18); Oxygen saturation (96 vs. 96). 2. Initial laboratory data: -WBC (8.7 vs. 6.9); Lymphocyte % (10.6 vs. 15.5); Hemoglobin (12.3 vs. 12.8); Platelets (207 vs. 221); Creatinine (1.42 vs. 0.8); BUN (31 vs. 13). |
| Xia et al. 2020 | 3.345 | Retrospective | 66,6 (±11.4) |
HTN (53.1%) DM (23.5%) CAD (21.0%) CD (13.6%) |
1. Clinical manifestations:
(AKI vs. non-AKI) -Dyspnea (70.7% vs. 65.0%); Cough (80.5% vs. 75.0%); Fever (82.9% vs. 95.0%); 2. Initial laboratory data: -Platelets (145.0 vs. 176.5, p=0.03); Lymphocytes (0.50 vs. 0.65, p=0.02); SCr (104.0 vs. 65.5, p<0.001); Elevated SCr (51.2 % vs. 7.5%, p<0.001); Cystatin C (1.74 vs. 1.06, p<0.001); BUN (12.5 vs. 7.1, p<0.001); Serum uric acid (289.5 vs. 164.0, p<0.001); IL-6 (100.4 vs. 36.8, p=0.01); PT (17.2 vs. 16.0, p=0.04); INR (1.40 vs. 1.26, p=0.02); NT-proBNP (1902.0 vs. 843.0, p=0.03). |
Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CAD, coronary artery disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CD, cerebrovascular disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; CRP, c-reactive protein; SCr, serum creatinine; AKI, acute kidney injury.