Table 2.
Variables and measurements.
| Latent variable | Observed variable | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 pressure (CP) | Income pressure (CP1) | 4.13 | 1.239 |
| Sale pressure (CP2) | 3.25 | 1.365 | |
| Employment pressure (CP3) | 4.09 | 1.232 | |
| Repayment pressure (CP4) | 3.39 | 1.369 | |
| Livelihood capital (LC) | Profit of crop planting (LC1) | 3.57 | 1.335 |
| Progress of spring ploughing (LC2) | 3.63 | 1.342 | |
| Backlog of agricultural products (LC3) | 3.47 | 1.357 | |
| Availability of agricultural tools (LC4) | 3.34 | 1.343 | |
| Relationships with relatives (LC5) | 3.77 | 1.312 | |
| Help from relatives (LC6) | 4.12 | 1.139 | |
| Amount of net income (LC7) | 3.87 | 1.349 | |
| Availability of loan (LC8) | 3.30 | 1.279 | |
| Employment opportunities (LC9) | 3.61 | 1.330 | |
| Risk perception (RP) | Possibility of the risk (RP1) | 3.69 | 1.184 |
| Severity of the risk (RP2) | 3.92 | 1.233 | |
| Panic of the risk (RP3) | 3.77 | 1.252 | |
| Supportive policy (SP) | Employment support (SP1) | 3.53 | 1.189 |
| Loan and repayment support (SP2) | 3.48 | 1.227 | |
| Sale support (SP3) | 3.43 | 1.311 | |
| Subsidy mechanism (SP4) | 3.39 | 1.471 | |
| Recovery strategy (RS) | Use agricultural insurance (RS1) | 4.04 | 1.173 |
| Seek government subsidies (RS2) | 3.70 | 1.176 | |
| Employ in community (RS3) | 4.23 | 1.116 | |
| Engage in e-commerce (RS4) | 3.07 | 1.288 | |
| Participate in cooperatives (RS5) | 3.41 | 1.383 |