FIGURE 2.

(A) Targeting cargo, such as CRISPR reagents (purple), to organelles (green: chloroplast, red: mitochondria, and grey: nucleus) in plants allows the independent genetic engineering of these structures in their native context. (B) Nanoparticle design framework should account for the field conditions the cargo (purple) would be exposed to, such as sunlight, extreme temperatures, moisture, nucleases, and microbes. (C) Lifecycle assessment of plant nanoparticle gene editing effects on humans, soil biome, and nearby water ecosystems should be investigated. (D) Formulation optimization of the nanoparticle suspensiontomaximize wetting (represented by contact angle of suspension with leaf, ϴ) without compromising photosynthesis. (E) Exocytosis pathways of nanoparticles from plant cells and their engineering remains unclear. (F) Nanofabrication techniques such as DNA origami can be used to study the effects of nanoparticle size, shape, and functionalization on biodistribution and editing efficiencies (Created with BioRender.com).