Table 2.
Standardized effects of interest from the full structural equation models (SEMs) in both cohorts
| Coef. | 95% CI | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Add Health | |||
| ARTS & CULTURAL ENGAGEMENT → WAVE 1 SELF-CONTROL | |||
| Direct: arts – W1 self-control | −0.20 | −0.24 to −0.17 | <0.001 |
| ARTS & CULTURAL ENGAGEMENT → WAVE 1 BEHAVIOR | |||
| Direct: arts – W1 behavior | −0.11 | −0.15 to −0.07 | <0.001 |
| ARTS & CULTURAL ENGAGEMENT → WAVE 2 SELF-CONTROL | |||
| Total | −0.12 | −0.15 to −0.08 | <0.001 |
| Total indirect | −0.16 | −0.18 to −0.13 | <0.001 |
| Indirect: arts – W1 self-control – W2 self-control | −0.15 | −0.18 to −0.12 | <0.001 |
| Indirect: arts – W1 behavior – W2 self-control | −0.01 | −0.01 to −0.001 | 0.029 |
| Direct: arts – W2 self-control | 0.04 | 0.01 to 0.07 | 0.024 |
| ARTS & CULTURAL ENGAGEMENT → WAVE 2 BEHAVIOR | |||
| Total | −0.14 | −0.18 to −0.10 | <0.001 |
| Total indirect | −0.08 | −0.11 to −0.05 | <0.001 |
| Indirect: arts – W1 self-control – W2 behavior | 0.01 | −0.002 to 0.01 | 0.243 |
| Indirect: arts – W1 behavior – W2 behavior | −0.08 | −0.12 to −0.05 | <0.001 |
| Direct: arts – W2 behavior | −0.06 | −0.10 to −0.05 | 0.007 |
| ARTS & CULTURAL ENGAGEMENT → WAVE 3 BEHAVIOR | |||
| Total | −0.03 | −0.08 to 0.02 | 0.287 |
| Total indirect | −0.06 | −0.08 to −0.04 | <0.001 |
| Indirect: arts – W2 self-control – W3 behavior | 0.002 | 0.00 to 0.003 | 0.113 |
| Indirect: arts – W2 behavior – W3 behavior | −0.03 | −0.04 to −0.01 | 0.009 |
| Indirect: arts – W1 self-control – W2 self-control – W3 behavior | −0.01 | −0.01 to −0.001 | 0.037 |
| Indirect: arts – W1 behavior – W2 self-control – W3 behavior | 0.00 | 0.00 to 0.00 | 0.117 |
| Indirect: arts – W1 self-control – W2 behavior – W3 behavior | 0.002 | −0.001 to 0.01 | 0.248 |
| Indirect: arts – W1 behavior – W2 behavior – W3 behavior | −0.03 | −0.05 to −0.02 | <0.001 |
| Direct: arts – W3 behavior | 0.03 | −0.01 to 0.08 | 0.244 |
| NELS:88 | |||
| ARTS & CULTURAL ENGAGEMENT → WAVE 1 BEHAVIOR | |||
| Direct: arts – W1 behavior | −0.11 | −0.16 to −0.07 | <0.001 |
| ARTS & CULTURAL ENGAGEMENT → WAVE 2 ATTITUDES | |||
| Total | −0.10 | −0.14 to −0.07 | <0.001 |
| Total indirect | −0.05 | −0.06 to −0.03 | <0.001 |
| Indirect: arts – W1 behavior – W2 attitudes | −0.05 | −0.06 to −0.03 | <0.001 |
| Direct: arts – W2 attitudes | −0.06 | −0.10 to −0.02 | 0.015 |
| ARTS & CULTURAL ENGAGEMENT → WAVE 2 BEHAVIOR | |||
| Total | −0.07 | −0.11 to −0.03 | 0.003 |
| Total indirect | −0.08 | −0.11 to −0.05 | <0.001 |
| Indirect: arts – W1 behavior – W2 behavior | −0.08 | −0.11 to −0.05 | <0.001 |
| Direct: arts – W2 behavior | 0.01 | −0.04 to 0.05 | 0.814 |
| ARTS & CULTURAL ENGAGEMENT → WAVE 3 BEHAVIOR | |||
| Total | −0.05 | −0.10 to −0.01 | 0.054 |
| Total indirect | −0.05 | −0.09 to −0.02 | 0.020 |
| Indirect: arts – W2 attitudes – W3 behavior | 0.01 | 0.00 to 0.01 | 0.029 |
| Indirect: arts – W2 behavior – W3 behavior | 0.01 | −0.04 to 0.05 | 0.814 |
| Indirect: arts – W1 behavior – W2 attitudes – W3 behavior | 0.01 | 0.00 to 0.01 | 0.002 |
| Indirect: arts – W1 behavior – W2 behavior – W3 behavior | −0.08 | −0.11 to −0.05 | <0.001 |
| Direct: arts – W3 behavior | 0.00 | −0.05 to 0.05 | 0.953 |
The prefix indicates the wave at which each latent variable was measured. Bold text indicates p < 0.05. Standardized coefficients can be interpreted as the change in the outcome (in outcome standard deviation units) for a standard deviation change in the exposure