Table 2.
Multivariable Linear Regression Models Estimating 1) PHQ-4 Total Score in April 2020 and 2) Change in PHQ-4 Score Between April and August 2020 by a) Household Structure and b) Number of Children in the Household, Stratified by Age of Children
| Outcome Primary predictor | Mental distress in April Household structure Number = 1,495 |
Change in mental distress Household structure Number = 1.495 |
Mental distress in April Number of children (by age) N = 2.214 |
Change in mental distress Number of children (by age) N= 2.214 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | [95% CI] | β | [95% CI] | β | [95% CI] | β | [95% CI] | |
| Household structure (ref: spouse only) | ||||||||
| Alone | −0.21 | [−0.97, 0.55] | −0.40 | [−1.03, 0.23] | — | — | — | — |
| Kids only | −0.14 | [−0.87, 0.59] | −0.71 | [−1.47, 0.05] | — | — | — | — |
| Spouse and kids | 0.04 | [−0.54, 0.62] | −0.12 | [−0.61, 0.37] | — | — | — | — |
| Number of children | ||||||||
| # children ≤12 | — | — | — | — | −0.30 | [−0.49–0.11]* | 0.09 | [−0.08, 0.27] |
| # children 13–18 | — | — | — | — | −0.02 | [−0.31, 0.26] | −0.02 | [−0.28, 0.24] |
| Age | −0.02 | [−0.04, 0.01] | 0.01 | [−0.01, 0.04] | −0.02 | [−0.05, 0.00] | 0.02 | [−0.00, 0.03] |
| Sex (ref: female) | ||||||||
| Male | −0.34 | [−0.78, 0.10] | −0.06 | [−0.45, 0.33] | −0.26 | [−0.63, 0.11] | −0.02 | [−0.36, 0.32] |
| Race (ref: White) | ||||||||
| Black | −1.34 | [−2.03–0.64]* | 1.06 | [0.38, 1.74]* | −1.19 | [−1.75–0.63]* | 0.81 | [0.25, 1.37]* |
| Other | −0.11 | [−0.79, 0.58] | 0.39 | [−0.32, 1.11] | −0.26 | [−0.77, 0.25] | 0.31 | [−0.21, 0.84] |
| Education (ref: high school or less) | ||||||||
| Some college/Associate’s | 0.05 | [−0.54, 0.63] | −0.01 | [−0.54, 0.52] | 0.14 | [−0.34, 0.61] | 0.15 | [−0.28, 0.57] |
| Bachelor’s | 0.53 | [−0.05, 1.12] | 0.14 | [−0.35, 0.64] | 0.49 | [−0.02, 1.00] | 0.33 | [−0.10, 0.77] |
| Graduate degree | 0.48 | [−0.21, 1.17] | 0.63 | [0.03, 1.22]* | 0.32 | [−0.28, 0.93] | 0.80 | [0.27, 1.33]* |
| Household Income (ref: <30k) | ||||||||
| 30 to less than 60k | −0.09 | [−0.79, 0.62] | −0.07 | [−0.80, 0.66] | −0.01 | [−0.63, 0.61] | −0.04 | [−0.62, 0.53] |
| 60k+ | −0.35 | [−1.12, 0.42] | −0.50 | [−1.23, 0.23] | 0.00 | [−0.60, 0.60] | −0.59 | [−1.15–0.03]* |
| Current job (ref: yes) | ||||||||
| No job | 0.61 | [0.04, 1.18]* | −0.27 | [−0.74, 0.21] | 0.81 | [0.35, 1.27]* | −0.25 | [−0.64, 0.14] |
| Live with partner (ref: no) | ||||||||
| Living with partner | — | — | — | — | 0.06 | [−0.40, 0.51] | 0.33 | [−0.11, 0.77] |
| Historical depression score (CESD-8) | 0.54 | [0.41, 0.67]* | 0.06 | [−0.03, 0.15] | 0.50 | [0.40, 0.60]* | 0.06 | [−0.03, 0.15] |
Note. Models are adjusted for age, sex, race, education, household income, current work status, living with a partner (number of children models only), and historical depressive symptoms.
*
Denotes significance at a p < .05 level.