Table 3.

Multivariable Linear Regression Models With Interaction Terms Estimating 1) PHQ-4 Total Score in April 2020 and 2) Change in PHQ-4 Score Between April and August 2020 by a) Household Structure and b) Number of Children in the Household, Stratified by Age of Children, and Their Interaction With Income

Outcome Primary predictor	Mental distress in April Household structure N= 1,495		Change in Mental Distress Household structure N = 1,495		Mental distress in April Number of Children (by age) N= 2,214		Change in Mental Distress Number of Children (by age) N = 2,214
	β	[95% CI]	β	[95% CI]	β	[95% CI]	β	[95% CI]
Household structure (ref: spouse only)
Alone	−0.20	[−1.42, 1.02]	−0.87	[−1.88, 0.13]	—	—	—	—
Kids only	0.00	[−1.12, 1.11]	−1.28	[−2.32–0.24]*	—	—	—
Spouse and Kids	0.04	[−1.08, 1.15]	−0.73	[−1.70, 0.23]	—	—	—
Number of children
# children ≤12	—	—	—	—	−0.44	[−0.73–0.15]*	0.05	[−0.24, 0.34]
# children 13–18	—	—	—	—	0.26	[−0.23, 0.76]	−0.09	[−0.50, 0.32]
Annual Household Income (ref: <60k)
≥$60,000	−0.26	[−1.48, 0.97]	−1.18	[−2.10–0.25]*	−0.01	[−0.56, 0.55]	−0.64	[−1.12–0.16]*
Household structure by income interaction
Alone & high income	0.02	[−1.48, 1.52]	0.84	[−0.38, 2.05]	—	—	—	—
Kids Only & high income	−0.72	[−2.04, 0.60]	1.51	[0.26, 2.76]*	—	—	—	—
Spouse and Kids & high income	0.00	[−1.28, 1.29]	0.95	[−0.15, 2.04]	—	—	—	—
Number of children by income interaction
# children ≤12 & high income	—	—	—	—	0.22	[−0.13, 0.56]	0.07	[−0.26, 0.40]
# children 13–18 & high income	—	—	—	—	−0.46	[−1.06, 0.14]	0.12	[−0.40, 0.64]

Note. All models are adjusted for age, race, education, sex, current work status, living with a partner (number of children models only), and historical depressive symptoms.

^*Denotes significance at a p < .05 level.