Table 4.

Multivariable Linear Regression Models With Interaction Terms Estimating 1) PHQ-4 Total Score in April 2020 and 2) Change in PHQ-4 Score Between April and August 2020 by a) Household Structure and b) Number of Children in the Household, Stratified by Age of Children, and Their Interaction With Sex

Outcome Primary predictor	Mental distress in April Household structure N= 1,495		Change in mental distress Household structure N = 1,495		Mental distress in April Number of Children (by age) N = 2,214		Change in mental distress Number of Children (by age) N = 2,214
	β	[95% CI]	β	[95% CI]	β	[95% CI]	β	[95% CI]
Household structure (ref: spouse only)
Alone	0.04	[−0.94, 1.02]	−0.59	[−1.55, 0.37]		—	—	—
Kids only	0.18	[−0.66, 1.03]	−1.09	[−2.05–0.13]*	—	—
Spouse and kids	0.43	[−0.33, 1.18]	−0.33	[−1.11, 0.46]	—	—
Number of children
# children ≤12	—	—	—	—	−0.33	[−0.59–0.07]*	0.04	[−0.22, 0.29]
# children 13–18	—	—	—	—	−0.25	[−0.74, 0.24]	−0.15	[−0.60, 0.31]
Sex (ref: female)
Male	0.18	[−0.85, 1.21]	−0.40	[−1.23, 0.43]	0.07	[−0.24, 0.38]	0.10	[−0.21, 0.41]
Household structure by sex interaction
Alone & Male	−0.47	[−1.88, 0.95]	0.35	[−0.86, 1.56]	—	—	—	—
Kids Only & Male	−0.74	[−2.43, 0.94]	1.32	[−0.17, 2.81]	—	—	—	—
Spouse and Kids & Male	−0.73	[−1.90, 0.43]	0.39	[−0.61, 1.38]
Number of children by sex interaction
# children ≤12 & Male	—	—	—	—	0.06	[−0.34, 0.47]	−0.13	[−0.47, 0.21]
# children 13–18 & Male	—	—	—	—	−0.21	[−0.73, 0.32]	0.25	[−0.23, 0.73]

Note. All models are adjusted for age, race, education, household income, current work status, living with a partner (number of children models only), and historical depressive symptoms.

^*Denotes significance at a p < .05 level.