Table I.
Patient demographics, clinical outcomes, blood culture isolates, and antimicrobial use in two COVID-19 waves
| Variable | Overall (N = 391) | Wave 1 (N = 156) | Wave 2 (N = 235) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 61.0 (52.0, 69.0) | 60.5 (49.0, 67.0) | 61.0 (53.5, 70.0) | 0.07 |
| Sex | <0.05 | |||
| Male (%) | 267 (68.3) | 116 (74.4) | 151 (64.3) | |
| Female (%) | 124 (31.7) | 40 (25.6) | 84 (35.7) | |
| Clinical outcomes | ||||
| Death | 0.22 | |||
| Yes (%) | 140 (35.8) | 62 (39.7) | 78 (33.2) | |
| No (%) | 251 (64.2) | 94 (60.3) | 157 (66.8) | |
| Length of stay (days per patient) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 11 (5.3, 18.0) | 10 (4.0, 21.0) | 11 (6.0, 16.0) | 0.62 |
| Antibiotic use | ||||
| Individual patient use (days) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 6 (2.0, 11.0) | 6 (2.0, 12.0) | 6 (3.0, 10.0) | 0.66 |
| Median % of length of say (IQR) | 61.3 (37.5, 85.3) | 62.5 (40.0, 93.8) | 60.2 (33.3, 82.2) | 0.34 |
| Did not receive antibiotic (%) | 54 (13.8) | 11 (7.0) | 43 (18.3) | <0.01 |
| Blood culture isolates | ||||
| Total patients (%) | 119 (30.4) with 240 samples | 43 (27.6) with 88 samples | 76 (32.3) with 152 samples | 0.37 |
| Sources (patients) | ||||
| Clinically significant (%) | 76 (19.4) with 157 samples | 28 (17.9) with 61 samples | 48 (20.4) with 96 samples | 0.63 |
| Line (%) | 38 (9.7) with 80 samples | 18 (11.5) with 39 samples | 20 (8.5) with 41 samples | 0.41 |
| Chest (%) | 23 (5.9) with 33 samples | 3 (1.9) with 5 samples | 20 (8.5) with 28 samples | 0.01 |
| Multiple/unknown (%) | 21 (5.4) with 32 samples | 7 (4.5) with 9 samples | 14 (6.0) with 23 samples | 0.69 |
| Urine (%) | 3 (0.8) with 5 samples | 2 (1.3) with 4 samples | 1 (0.4) with 1 sample | 0.57 |
| Gastrointestinal (%) | 2 (0.5) with 4 samples | 2 (1.3) with 4 samples | 0 | 0.16 |
| Other (%) | 2 (0.5) with 3 samples | 0 | 2 (0.9) with 3 samples | 0.52 |
| Contaminant (%) | 63 (16.1) with 83 samples | 21 (13.5) with 27 samples | 42 (17.9) with 56 samples | 0.31 |
| Organisms (patients) | ||||
| Bacteria: Gram +ve (%) | 91 (23.3) with 155 samples | 33 (21.1) with 56 samples | 58 (24.7) with 99 samples | 0.49 |
| Coagulase-negative saphylococci (%) | 72 (18.4) with 112 samples | 26 (16.7) with 44 samples | 46 (19.6) with 68 samples | 0.55 |
| Staphylococcus aureus/argenteus (%) | 8 (2.0) with 12 samples | 0 | 8 (3.4) with 12 samples | 0.02 |
| Streptococcus spp. (excluding group D) (%) | 6 (1.5) with 7 samples | 0 | 6 (2.6) with 7 samples | 0.08 |
| Enterococcus spp. (%) | 14 (3.6) with 17 samples | 10 (6.4) with 12 samples | 4 (1.7) with 5 samples | 0.02 |
| Other (Corynebacterium spp., Dolosigranulum pigrum) (%) | 4 (1.0) with 7 samples | 0 | 4 (1.7) with 7 samples | 0.15 |
| Bacteria: Gram –ve (%) | 43 (11.0) with 81 samples | 15 (9.6) with 30 samples | 28 (11.9) with 51 samples | 0.58 |
| Enterobacterales (Citrobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Serratia spp.) (%) | 31 (7.9) with 55 samples | 13 (8.3) with 25 samples | 18 (7.7) with 30 samples | 0.96 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa (%) | 11 (2.8) with 15 samples | 3 (1.9) with 4 samples | 8 (3.4) with 11 samples | 0.54 |
| Environmental (Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) (%) | 3 (0.8) with 6 samples | 0 | 3 (1.3) with 6 samples | 0.28 |
| Acinetobacter baumannii (%) | 2 (0.5) with 3 samples | 0 | 2 (0.9) with 3 samples | 0.52 |
| Anaerobes (Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parabacteroides distasonis) (%) | 2 (0.5) with 2 samples | 1 (0.6) with 1 sample | 1 (0.4) with 1 sample | 1 |
| Fungi | ||||
| Yeast (%) | 4 (1.0) with 4 samples | 2 (1.3) with 2 samples | 2 (0.9) with 2 samples | 1 |
| Candida spp. (%) | 4 (1.0) with 4 samples | 2 (1.3) with 2 samples | 2 (0.9) with 2 samples | 1 |
IQR, interquartile range.