Table 2.

Suggested topics for future research in NMOSD symptomatic and restorative therapy

Research area	Suggested topics
Neuropathic pain	1-Head to head randomized controlled studies of anti-neuropathic pain agents in NMOSD-related pain 2-Replication of the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation study 3-Study of spinal cord stimulation for NMOSD-related pain
Spasticity and tonic spasms	1-Head to head randomized controlled studies of muscle relaxants and anti-seizure agents in NMOSD-related spasticity and tonic spasms 2-Study of cannabinoids in NMOSD-related spasticity and tonic spasms 3-Study of botulinum toxin for NMOSD-related tonic spasms and focal spasticity/dystonia 4-Study of intrathecal baclofen delivery for NMOSD-related spasticity and tonic spasms
Bladder, bowel, and sexual dysfunction	1-Head to head randomized controlled studies of anti-muscarinic drugs and selective beta-3 adrenergic receptor agonists in NMOSD-related bladder dysfunction 2-Study and comparison of sacral neuromodulation and posterior tibial nerve stimulation in NMOSD-related bladder and bowel dysfunction 3-Study of phosphodiesterase inhibitors and other sexual therapies in NMOSD-related sexual dysfunction
Fatigue and sleep disorders	1-Head to head randomized controlled studies of amantadine, bupropion, modafinil, and amphetamines in NMOSD-related fatigue and sleep disorders 2-Study of non-pharmacologic approaches to fatigue including aerobic exercise, and water therapy
Psychiatric and cognitive impairment	1-Longitudinal neuropsychological studies of cognitive and psychiatric dysfunction in NMOSD with radiological correlation 2-Study of cognitive rehabilitation in NMOSD-related cognitive dysfunction 3-Head to head randomized controlled studies of anti-depressants in NMOSD-related depression and/or anxiety
Motor dysfunction and walking impairment	1-Study of functional electrical stimulation-based rehabilitation in NMOSD-related motor dysfunction 2-Study of immersive virtual reality in NMOSD rehabilitation 3-Placebo-controlled randomized study of dalfampridine in NMOSD-related walking impairment 4-Study of remyelinating agents in NMOSD-related motor dysfunction 5-Study of mesenchymal stem cells in NMOSD related motor dysfunction
Visual dysfunction	1-Study of visual rehabilitation and occupational therapy for NMOSD-related visual impairment 2-Study of sensory brain-computer interface for visual cortex stimulation 3-Study of remyelinating agents in NMOSD-related visual impairment 4-Study of mesenchymal stem cells in NMOSD related visual impairment
Remyelination	1-Placebo-controlled randomized trials of clobetasol, miconazole, benztropine, clemastine, high dose biotin, and opicinumab in NMOSD-related motor and/or visual dysfunction
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)	1-Study of intravenous versus intrathecal MSC therapy for NMOSD-related motor and/or visual dysfunction 2-Study of human umbilical versus autologous bone marrow-derived MSC in NMOSD-related motor and/or visual dysfunction 3-Study of platelet-derived growth factor in autologous MSC therapy in NMOSD-related motor and/or visual dysfunction