Fig. 3.
Both nanotopographical features type and arrangement can guide cell differentiation. Nanorough glass substrates and PLGA nanopatch have been demonstrated to enhance osteogenesis [115,116]. Osteoinduction and bone matrix nodule formation were proven on TiO2 nanopillar [119,120]. SiO2 nanoholed nanotopography also promoted the osteogenic induction of MSCs [121]. Maintenance of multipotency of stem cells has been strongly influenced by the arrangement of nanopits-ordered/disordered PCL nanopits [5]. Au nanoparticles combined with PEG substrates has been widely used for differentiation guidance by manipulating integrin ligand density [110,[123], [124], [125]].