Figure 4.

Steady state simulation with venous insufficiency in a single-layer model: p_c = 10 mmHg + $\rho$ g(h-z) and p_L = −2 mmHg. Interstitial pressure along the outer surface and $L_v/L_g$ (a) without and (b) with a compression wrap that imposes a radial pressure, but does not alter the capillary pressure by relieving venous insufficiency. The dashed lines show the pressure gradients expected due to a free-standing column of fluid and that due to a strictly local balance between the interstitial space and the vasculature. A transition from local vascular driven pressure to limb-scale free standing fluid is apparent when $L_v/L_g$ increases significantly due to increased interstitial permeability when the tissue expands from high internal pressure below the red arrow (a) or imposed local solid stress at the upper edge of the wrap (b).