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. 2022 Mar 22;12:4840. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-08948-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Fluorescence observation (scale bar: 100 μm) and (C) quantification results of bacteria attached on disks 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 after 24 h of culture. (B) Crystal violet staining results and (D) quantification of biofilms attached to implants after treatment with TXA at different concentrations for 3 days. The results were quantified as the mean of three independent experiments and analysed by one-way ANOVA (*p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance).