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. 2022 Mar 22;12:4344. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-08583-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic image of mitochondrial activation in CPC by RP/S2-MITO-Porter. The MITO-Porter (S2 peptide & RP aptamer dual ligand system) could be taken up by the cells (1st step), followed by mitochondrial targeting and a membrane fusion process with mitochondria membrane (2nd step). Finally, mitochondria are activated by mitochondrial delivery of RES to construct MITO-cells. Chol-RP cholesteryl RP aptamer, DOPE dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidyl ethanolamine, RES resveratrol, SM sphingomyelin, STR-S2 stearylated S2 peptide.