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. 2022 Mar 22;5:252. doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-03205-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Experimental setting to study the antiviral effect of intestinal IELs. a The scheme depicts that intestinal IELs were pretreated with CD3 antibody, whole inactivated PEDV, and the PEDV spike protein; thereafter, they were co-cultured with PEDV-infected epithelial cells for 24 h. b The viral titers in the culture supernatant were detected via a plaque assay and summarized in a histogram. c The intracellular viral RNA levels were quantitated via RT-qPCR. d The expression of PEDV-N protein in epithelial cells (Marc-145) was detected using western blot. e The model used to study the protective role of intestinal IELs against PEDV infection. The scheme depicts the whole inactivated PEDV pre-activated or unstimulated IELs that were co-cultured with epithelial cells (Marc-145) using two methods (contact and noncontact co-culture). f Viral titers in the supernatant of the coculture system were measured via a plaque assay after a co-culture of 24 h. Meanwhile, the expression of the viral protein (g) and mRNA e (h) in epithelial cells (Marc-145) was also evaluated. All data are the mean ± SD, and comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. The results are from at least three different experiments.