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. 2022 Mar 22;5:252. doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-03205-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — a The scheme depicts that mock or whole inactivated virus (WIV) porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) pre-activated IELs were co-cultured with PEDV-infected epithelial cells for 24 h. b–d The production of type I (b, c), II (d), and III IFNs (e) by IELs in the co-culture system was detected using ELISA kits. e The mRNA expression of IFN-γ in IELs was also measured via RT-qPCR. f Phosphorylation of STAT1 in the epithelial cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. g The transcription of a set of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) in PEDV-infected epithelial cells were detected via RT-qPCR. h A similar experiment was performed as in (a), but blocking antibodies against IFN-γ were added to the medium with a certain concentration gradient. i The viral titers in the supernatant, as well as the production of viral RNA in epithelial cells from different groups were detected. All data are the mean ± SD, comparisons performed using one-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. The results are from at least three different experiments.