Table 1.
Univariable analysis of the association between rabies virus infection evidence and risk factors at the LGA level in Nigeria.
| Variable | Rabies published studies |
NVRI surveillance data |
Published studies and NVRI data |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RRR (95%CI) | p-Value | RRR (95%CI) | p-Value | RRR (95%CI) | p-Value | |
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||||
| Distance to a veterinary hospital (Mean distance in meters) | 0.67 (0.36–1.25) | 0.206 | 0.66 (0.29–1.51) | 0.326 | 0.39 (0.15–1.00) | 0.050 |
| Distance to road (Mean distance meters) | 1.25 (1.32–1.471) | 0.025 | 1.79 (0.90–1.352) | 0.573 | 1.39 (1.70–1.71) | 0.014 |
| Poverty (mean proportion of people living in poverty) | 4.55 (1.27–16.29) | 0.020 | 2.13 (0.42–10.86) | 0.362 | 2.59 (0.47–14.37) | 0.278 |
| Literacy score (mean proportion of men and women aged 15–49) | 0.47 (0.23–0.92) | 0.028 | 1.16 (0.48–2.82) | 0.739 | 1.40 (0.55–3.57) | 0.480 |
| Population density | 1.34 (0.99–1.00) | 0.087 | 1.00 (1.40–1.85) | 0.030 | 1.00(0.99–1.79) | 0.392 |
| Proportion urban areas | 1.62 (1.09–2.44) | 0.020 | 1.15 (0.68–1.96) | 0.602 | 3.62 (1.95–6.71) | <0.001 |
| Urban by 2030 (Global Grid of Probabilities of Urban Expansion to 2030) | 2.58 (1.19–5.57) | 0.016 | 1.57 (0.51–4.78) | 0.432 | 4.97 (2.06–11.93) | <0.001 |
| Human Influence Index grids | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) | 0.026 | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.612 | 1.04 (1.01–1.08) | 0.016 |
| Environmental factors | ||||||
| Mean temperature | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 0.925 | 1.00 (0.89–1.13) | 0.955 | 1.20 (1.04–1.36) | 0.013 |
| Elevation | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.265 | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.740 | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.187 |
| Mosaic cropland | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 0.145 | 1.05 (1.00–1.09) | 0.037 | 1.09 (1.05–1.13) | <0.001 |
| Mosaic vegetation | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 0.679 | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 0.512 | 0.77 (0.63–0.95) | 0.014 |
| Closed to open broadleaved evergreen or semi-deciduous forest (>5 m) | 0.79 (0.63–1.00) | 0.050 | 0.98 (0.86–1.13) | 0.817 | 0.15 (0.04–0.62) | 0.009 |
| Open broadleaved deciduous forest/woodland (>5 m) | 1.05 (0.99–1.10) | 0.058 | 1.06 (1.01–1.12) | 0.017 | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) | 0.962 |
| Mosaic forest or shrubland/grassland | 0.94 (0.69–1.29) | 0.714 | 0.98 (0.67–1.43) | 0.921 | 1.17 (0.93–1.48) | 0.184 |
| Closed to open (broadleaved or needle leaved, evergreen, or deciduous) shrubland | 1.03 (0.98–1.07) | 0.207 | 1.06 (1.01–1.10) | 0.020 | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) | 0.004 |
| Sparse vegetation | 0.43 (0.11–1.61) | 0.208 | 0.34 (0.04–2.66) | 0.307 | 0.68 (0.19–2.43) | 0.550 |
| Water bodies | 0.64 (0.25–1.65) | 0.357 | 0.33 (0.044–2.56) | 0.292 | 0.43 (0.07–2.71) | 0.367 |
| Bare areas | 0.07 (0.001–7.40) | 0.265 | 0.76 (0.15–3.96) | 0.746 | 0.15 (0.0007–35.63) | 0.500 |
| Closed to open herbaceous vegetation | 0.91(0.79–1.05) | 0.187 | 0.95 (0.82–1.09) | 0.445 | 0.87 (0.69–1.12) | 0.293 |