Table 3. ACEs and Risk of Being in the Top Quartile of Concussion Symptoms at the Time of Football Injury, Football Players Health Study, 2018-2021.
| No. of ACEsa | P value, test of trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | 1 | 2 | 3 | ≥4 | ||
| Entire sample, No. | 767 | 400 | 245 | 135 | 208 | NA |
| Base modelb | 1 [Reference] | 1.23 (0.91-1.67) | 1.15 (0.79-1.65) | 1.62 (1.11-2.36) | 1.60 (1.12-2.28) | <.001 |
| Further adjusted for position and seasons in NFL | 1 [Reference] | 1.20 (0.89-1.63) | 1.10 (0.77-1.57) | 1.58 (1.09-2.30) | 1.57 (1.10-2.25) | .007 |
| Players without probable depression or anxiety only, No. | 661 | 325 | 202 | 103 | 132 | NA |
| Base modelb | 1 [Reference] | 1.31 (0.99-1.92) | 1.30 (0.83-2.05) | 1.26 (0.72-2.21) | 1.61 (0.99-2.63) | .07 |
Abbreviations: ACE, adverse childhood experiences; NA, not applicable; NFL, National Football League.
a
Includes 1755 participants. Unless otherwise indicated, data are expressed as risk ratio (95% CI).
b
Adjusted for age, racial identity, and childhood socioeconomic status, measured by parents’ occupation and educational level and frequency of food insecurity in childhood.