Table 3. Neonatal Hypoglycemia and Psychosocial Adaptation in Mid-Childhood.
| Outcomes | Hypoglycemiaa | No hypoglycemia | Adjusted risk difference, %, or mean difference (95% CI)b | Adjusted risk ratio or count ratio (95% CI)b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strengths and Difficulties Questionnairec | ||||
| Parent-rated score, mean (SD) | n = 262 | n = 145 | ||
| Total difficulties | 10.8 (7.1) | 10.3 (6.8) | 0.7 (−0.6 to 2.1) | |
| Prosocial behavior | 8.3 (1.8) | 8.3 (1.7) | 0.0 (−0.4 to 0.3) | |
| Teacher-rated score, mean (SD) | n = 285 | n = 162 | ||
| Total difficulties | 8.6 (6.7) | 8.5 (6.8) | 0.2 (−1.0 to 1.5) | |
| Prosocial behavior | 7.5 (2.4) | 7.3 (2.3) | 0.2 (−0.2 to 0.6) | |
| Combined parent and teacher ratings | ||||
| Children with borderline or abnormal total difficulties (parent score ≥14 or teacher score ≥12), No./total (%) | 122/295 (41) | 68/173 (39) | 4 (−5 to 13) | 1.09 (0.87-1.37) |
| Children with borderline or abnormal prosocial behavior (parent or teacher score ≤5), No./total (%) | 72/295 (24) | 46/173 (27) | −1 (−8 to 7) | 0.89 (0.64-1.20) |
| Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functiond | ||||
| Parent-rated t score, mean (SD) | n = 258 | n = 146 | ||
| Behavioral regulation | 51.1 (11.8) | 50.6 (11.8) | 0.5 (−1.8 to 2.9) | |
| Metacognition | 53.2 (12.1) | 51.7 (11.2) | 1.6 (−0.7 to 3.9) | |
| Global executive composite | 52.3 (11.8) | 51.1 (11.0) | 1.3 (−0.9 to 3.5) | |
| Teacher-rated t score, mean (SD) | n = 287 | n = 160 | ||
| Behavioral regulation | 55.6 (12.4) | 56.2 (12.6) | −0.4 (−2.8 to 1.9) | |
| Metacognition | 58.6 (13.6) | 59.5 (13.7) | −0.8 (−3.4 to 1.9) | |
| Global executive composite | 57.9 (14.2) | 58.8 (14.3) | −0.7 (−3.4 to 2.1) | |
| Combined parent and teacher ratings | ||||
| Children with global executive composite in clinical range (parent or teacher score >65), No./total (%) | 95/298 (32) | 56/172 (33) | −1 (−9 to 8) | 0.99 (0.75-1.30) |
| Autism Spectrum Quotient: Children’s Versione | n = 236 | n = 128 | ||
| Total score, mean (SD) | 54.3 (17.3) | 54.5 (15.9) | 0.2 (−3.3 to 3.7) | |
| Children with score in clinical range of >75, No. (%) | 23 (10) | 11 (9) | 1 (−5 to 7) | 1.14 (0.57-2.25) |
| Child Health Questionnaire, mean (SD)f | n = 254 | n = 145 | ||
| Physical functioning scale score | 52.8 (9.7) | 53.7 (9.2) | −0.9 (−2.8 to 1.08) | |
| Psychosocial scale score | 48.6 (11.4) | 48.4 (12.2) | 0.1 (−2.2 to 2.5) |
Hypoglycemia is defined as ≥1 hypoglycemic event, representing the sum of nonconcurrent hypoglycemic and interstitial episodes more than 20 minutes apart; a hypoglycemic episode is defined as ≥1 consecutive blood glucose concentration <47 mg/dL (<2.6 mmol/L) and an interstitial episode as a sensor glucose concentration <47 mg/dL for ≥10 minutes.
Adjusted for potential confounding by sex, primary risk factor for hypoglycemia, and New Zealand Deprivation Index at study entry.
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire assesses emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationships, and prosocial behavior; a higher total difficulties score indicates worse emotional and behavioral regulation; boys have an expected mean score of 8.3 (SD, 7.1) and girls of 5.3 (SD, 5.7), with a possible range of 0 to 4029; a lower prosocial behavior score indicates greater social difficulties; boys have an expected mean score of 7.4 (SD, 2.5) and girls of 8.5 (SD, 2.0), with a possible range of 0 to 10.29
The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function assesses behavioral manifestations of executive function; higher t scores indicate a higher level of dysfunction; the normative mean score is 50 (SD, 10; 95% range, 30-70).
The Autism Spectrum Quotient: Children’s Version assesses autism spectrum disorder traits; a higher total score indicates greater autism traits; the mean score in 4- to 11-year-old children is 41.7 (SD, 18.6), with a possible range of 0 to 150.26
The Child Health Questionnaire assesses general health, behavior, and limitation in everyday and school activities; a higher score indicates better functioning; the normative mean is 50 (SD, 10; 95% range, 30-70).