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Classical autophagy. Inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) initiate macroautophagy by regulating the activity of specific multiprotein complexes. See Section 5.1 for a detailed description of the machinery involved in each step of autophagy and Sections 5.4–5.6 for a discussion of autophagy in retinal diseases.
